/ 



I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I 



♦| UNITED STATES OF AMEIIICA. I 



CONTRIBUTIONS 



TO 



VITAL STATISTICS: 



BEING A DEVELOPEMENT OF 



THE BATE OF MORTALITY AND THE LAWS OF SICKNESS; 

dFrom ©riBtnal anft C^tcn^tbt liata procnrrH from iFnrnlrlg ^rtrttrfS. 



SHOWING THE INSTABD^ITY OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, " ODD FELLOWS," 

" RECHABITES," &c. 

WITH 

AN maUIRY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON HEALTH. 



■ {» >vP , BY 

F.f G* P; NEISON, F.L.S., &c. 

ACTUARY TO THE MEDICAL IJTVAUD AND GENERAL LIFE OFFICE. 



READ BEFORE THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY, MARCH 17, 1845. 

Sfcotttr eutttott. 

LONDON: 

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO. 

1846. 



CONTENTS. 



Duration of Life in England and Wales 



1—12 



Table A. — Corrected Enumeration of the Population of England and Wales for 1821 and 1841 ; with the annual 
rate of Increase during the intermediate period ..... 

Table B. — Total of the Populations, as calculated for the 31st December, in the years 1838, 1839, 1840 and 
30th June, 1841 ; with the sum of the corrected Deaths for the corresponding years, as given in 
the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Reports of the Registrar General, and the Mortality per cent., during 
that period . . . . . 

Table C. — England and Wales — Living — Dying — Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity 

Table D. — England and Wales — Expectation of whole Population ..... 



4 

5,6 

8 



Duration of Life in Various Classes 



13—62 



Table E.- 
Table F.- 

Table G.- 
Table H.- 



Table I.- 

No- 2, 

No. 3. 
No. 4. 
No. 5. 
No. 6. 



-Population — Deaths and Sickness . 
-Living, Djing, Mortahty per cent., 



—Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males- 
—Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males- 

and Specific Intensity ..... 
—Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Males — Expectation 
—Expectation of Life — Friendly Societies — Females (Rural, Town and City Districts) — Males (Liver 
pool) — Peerage — Friendly Societies — 16 Trades Rural Districts — Males, Life Asstirance Offices 
— Males, Aggregate — Government Males ..... 

-Rural Districts — Labourers — Males — Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity 
— Rural, Town and City Districts — Males — Living, Dying — Mortality per cent., and Specific 
Intensity — Clerks .... 

„ Plumbers Painters and Glaziers 
„ Bakers ..... 
„ Miners ..... 
„ Residue, by abstracting Labourers from Rural Districts 

b 



16—23 

25-28 
32 



36,37 
43 

44 
45 
46 
47 
48 



vi CONTENTS. 

Duration of Life {continued.) 

Table J.— Expectation of Life— Labourers (Rural Districts)— Clerks (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities)— 
Plumbers Painters and Glaziers (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Bakers (Rural Districts, 
Towns and Cities) — Miners (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Rural Districts, after abstracting 
Labourers ......... 50,51 

Table K. — Trades not Classified — Males (Rural Districts, Towns and Cities) — Females — Living, Dying, Mortality 

per cent., and Specifie Intensity ....... 57 

No. 2.— Trades not Classified— Liverpool — Males— Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity 5« 

Duration of Life in Scotland • . . . . . 63 — 90 

Table L. — Trades not Classified — Rural, Town and City Districts — Population — Deaths — Sickness . . 64 — 71 

Table ]\I. — Rural, Town and City Districts — Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity . 73 — 76 

Table N. — Expectation — Rural, Town and City Districts ...... 77 

Table O. — Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841, with the Annual Rate of Increase"during the intermediate 

period ......... 79 

Table P. — Glasgow — Total of the Population, as calculated for the 30th June in each of the years 1832 — 1841 

inclusive ; with the Sum of the Deaths for the corresponding years, as given in tlie Mortality 

Bills, and the Mortality per cent, during the same period . . . .97 

Table Q. — Glasgow — Males and Females— Living, Dying, Mortality per cent., and Specific Intensity . 80, 81 

Table R. — Expectation — Glasgow and Dundee — Males and Females . . . . .8.3 

Table S. — Dundee — Total of the Populations as calculated for the 30th of June in each of the years 1835 — 1844 

inclusive, with the sum of the deaths for the corresponding years, as given in the Mortality Bills, 

and the Mortality per cent, during the same period ..... 85 

Table T.— Trades not Classified — Dundee — Males and Females— Living, Dying, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity ........ 87, 88 

Table U.— Equation and Expectation of Life, England and Wales— Scotland— and Trades in Friendly Societies 

(Males) England . . . . . • • . 89, 90 

Influence OF Locality on Sickness . . . . . 91 — 110 

Table V. — England and Wales, and Scotland — Rural, Town, and City Districts—Average Sickness per Annum 

to each Person at diiferent Ages ....... 92 

Abstract of Table V. . . . . . . . . . .93 

Table of Sickness per Annum to each Person, expressed in weeks, as given by Highland Society, Ausell, and 

Table V . . . ' ..... 96 

Table of Comparative Amount of Sickness in various periods of years, according to the Sickness Tables of the 

Highland Society, AnseU, and the Results of this Inquiry . . . .98 

Abstract of the Sickness experienced in the Edinburgh Compositors' Society .... 100 

Members of Friendly Societies— Tables of the per-centage of Sick Members during each year— Ratio of Sick 
Members to every 100 not Sick in every year — Mortality per Cent, among those actually Sick — 
Sickness per annum among those actually Sick — Total Amount of Sickness to each Death . 105 

Rates AND Contributions OF Friendly Societies .... Ill — 139 



Table — Value of Annuities— Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males 

„ Value of Deferred Annuities to commence at age 70 — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males 
„ Value of Temporary Annuities to contiime till age 70 — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — ^lales 
„ Single Premium for Sum at Death — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males 
„ Annual Premium for Sum at Dcatli — Three per Cent — Friendly Societies — Males . 



112 
113 
114 
115 
116 



— Friendly Societies 



117 
118 
119 
120 

121 



CONTENTS. vii 

Rates and Contributions of Friendly Societies {continued) 

Table — Temporary Annual Premium to continue till age 70 for Sum at Death — Three per Cent. — Friendly 

Societies — Males ..... 

„ Probability of Living one year — Friendly Societies — Males 
„ Probability of Dying in one year — Friendly Societies — Males 
„ Single Premium for Sickness — Three per Cent. — Friendly Societies — Males 
„ Temporary Annual Premium, for Sickness, to continue till age 70 — Three per Cent 

— Males ...... 

„ Annual Premium — Sickness — Highland Society— Ansell's Results—England and Wales, and Scotland 

— Rural, Town, and City Districts . . . . . . .122 

„ Value of Annuities — Single Premium for Sum at Death — Annual Premium for Sum at Death . . 123 

Appendix ......:-. 140 144 

Note I. Tables — Expectation of Life — CarUsle— Tontine Nominees — France — Equitable Office — Amicable 

Office — Sweden and Finland — Montpellier— Northampton . . • 140 

Note II.— List of Places comprised under the heads " Rural Districts," " Towns," and " Cities," in England and 

Wales ......... 141—143 

Note III. — Same in Scotland ......... 144 



DURATION OF LIFE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 



The best record of the General Mortality m England and Wales is contained in the 
Annual Reports of the Registrar General. So far as relates to the number of deaths in the 
entire community, more complete returns could not be hoped for. 

The 5th Report of the Registrar General contains a table of the Expectation of Life, 
calculated on the mortality of the year 1841. The census of the population having been 
taken in that year, offered a ready means to determine the value of hfe for that period ; 
but as the results of the mortaUty for several years would undoubtedly form a broader and 
more satisfactory basis on which to found a measure of the duration of life in this country, 
it is proposed to calculate a table on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports of the Registrar 
General ; omitting the 1st Report, that any imperfections incidental to the eai-ly manage- 
ment of the Registers may be avoided. It is evidently necessary to ascertain the exact 
amount of population living at various ages in the country, during the periods of time to 
which the returns of deaths relate, befoi-e results can be obtained, showing the ratio of 
the population dying at the respective ages. 

Previous to the population being calculated for the mean time of each period 
embraced in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Reports, it -^vill be necessary to apply a correction to 
the enumeration of the population at the period of the Census. 

In 1841, the ages of 35,408 males and 11,472 females, or -456 per cent, of the one, 
and -141 per cent, of the other, were not given. In the registration of deaths, the ages 
of a certain proportion are also omitted ; and if the ratio were the same in both 
cases, those whose ages were not specified might be left out, as the omission of the 
one would be corrected by the omission of the other ; but it happens that, in the returns 
of deaths over the entire four years referred to, the number of males whose ages were not 
specified was only 1,650, or •235.per cent, of the whole; and of females 896, or only -132 

B 



2 DURATION OF LIFE 

per cent, of the whole female deaths. Independent corrections ^viU, therefore, have to be 
applied to each class of results, namely : 

Let y -j- log. X zz log. of the actual number alive at the period of life .r, provided 
the age of every person had been ascertained. 

y ■=. log. h — log. a. 

a z=. population whose ages were ascertained ; 

h ■=. total population, and 

X zr the number enumerated at any particular period of life. 

This correction having been apphed to the census of the population in 1841, and also 
to the census in 1821, the results obtained form the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 6th columns of 
Table A. 

Table A. 

Corrected Enumeration of the Population of England and Wales for 1821 and 1841 ; 
mth the Annual Rate of Increase during the Intermediate Period. 



Ages. 


MALES. 


FEMALES. 


Ages. 
















Population 


Population 


Annual Rate 


Population 


Population 


Annual Rate 






1821 


1841. 


of Increase, 


1821. 


1841. 


of Increase. 




Under 5 


898324 


1047502 


1-007711 


884866 


1057926 


1-00897 


Under 5 


5 — 10 


787426 


952437 


1-00955 


779516 


951687 


1-01002 


5 — 10 


10 — 15 


685011 


879732 


1-01258 


650342 


851649 


1-01357 


10 — 15 


15 — 20 


578304 


780967 


1-01513 


611741 


805090 


1-01382 


15 — 20 


20 — 30 


857697 


1333088 


1-02229 


1029526 


1498751 


1-01895 


20 — 30 


30 — 40 


673718 


999000 


1-01989 


741881 


1051505 


1-01759 


30 — 40 


40 — 50 


547372 


7-i8487 


1-01577 


572227 


777500 


1-01544 


40 — 50 


50 — 60 


388.351 


496475 


1-01235 


402245 


529274 


1-01381 


50 — 60 


60 — 70 


262728 


329563 


1-01039 


284624 


369498 


1-01313 


60 — 70 


70 — 80 


130544 


159551 


1-01008 


142366 


184468 


1-01,303 


70 — 80 


80 — 90 


33577 


41224 


1-01031 


41480 


53164 


1-01248 


80 — 90 


90 —100 


2556 


2986 


1-00776 


3747 


4967 


1-01420 


90 —100 


100 and upwards 

Total 


68 


82 


1-00956 


148 


167 


1-00628 


100 and upwards 

Total. 


5845676 


7771094 


1-01415 


6144709 


SI 35647 


1-01530 



The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Reports of the Registrar General gave the number of deaths 
in the year preceding the 30th June 1839, 1840, and 1841 respectively ; and the 5th 
Report gave the deaths for the year ending 31st December 1841. The next step required 
was to determine the population alive at various ages for the mean time of each of the 
given periods, that is, the population at the various terms of life in England and Wales on 
the 31st of December 1838, 1839, 1840, and 30th June 1841 ; and the followng method 
was employed ; 



IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 3 

Let /3 z= the corrected population at a given age on the day of the Census in 1821 ; 
TT =: the same for 1841 ; 
e = the period elapsed since 1841. 

Log. ^ JI ( °' '" p" ^ ) e = log. of the population at the given term of Ufe for 

the mean time of the period required. 

The popvdation for each of the periods being obtained in this manner for every term 
of life, the combined results form columns 2nd and 5th of Table B. 

It might have been deemed sufficient to have made tlie expression — ^ — III — 5il- 

represent the rate of increase on the general population for all ages ; but a glance at 
columns 4 and 7 of Table A will shew the necessity of obtaining an independent value to 

this expression for each term of life ; for, by adopting — ^ — ^ — £^ — as the rate of 

increase for every term of life, it would have produced a difference in the male population 
at ages 20 to 30 of 42108 in Table B, or, in other words, an apparent decrease of mor- 
tality at that term of life ; and consequently, at some other terms, opposite errors in the 
results woidd be produced. 

Corrections, precisely similar to those applied to tlie enumeration of the population, 
were made on the registration of deaths ; and the final residts for the four years referred 
to are given in columns 3rd and 6th of Table B. 

It may be observed here, that as the deaths hapj^ening in the last half of the year 
forming the fourth period of the Registrar General, and those taking place in the first half 
of the year forming his fifth period, are identical, they "wiU of course be included tmce in 
the results now referred to ; Init as the population has also been taken for the mean of 
both periods or years, the proper relation is maintained between the population and deaths. 

The preceding step was rendered necessary, from the Registrar Genex'al having 
changed the period for his Annual Report from the 30th June to the 31st December, 
without having, at the time of maldng the change, distinguished the deaths belonging to 
each half year. 

All the preceding corrections having been appUed to the population and deaths, 
the combined results form Table B, the 4th and 7th columns of which show the 
mortality per cent, at the various tenns of life for each sex in England and Wales during 
the four years referred to, and under that form constitute a complete measure of the value 
of life, during the same period, in the general population of this countiy. 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table B. 



England and Wm.es. — Total of the Populations as calculated for the 31st 
December in tlie years 1838, 1839, 1840, and 30th June 1841 ; with the Sum of 
the Corrected Deaths for the corresponding years as given in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 
and .5th Reports of the Registrar General ; and the Mortality per cent, during 
that period. 



Ages. 


MALES. 


FEMALES. 


Ages. 


Population. 


Deaths, 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Population. 


Deaths. 


Jlortality 
per Cent. 


Under 5 
5—10 
10 — 15 
15 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
70 — 80 
80 — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upward 


4156265 

3771901 

3473008 

3075023 

5210180 

3914433 

2945219 

1960445 

1302647 

631509 

1()3089 

1 1846 

325 


292968 
36588 
18199 
22161 
5()7()5 
13k51 
42770 
4419() 
55491 
57449 
32461 
4282 
137 


7-048 

•970 

•524 

-730 

•974 

1-110 

1-452 

2-254 

4-259 

9-097 

19-904 

36-316 

42-154 


4192129 

3767019 

3358717 

3174272 

5878257 

4129820 

3060397 

2086819 

1457878 

727901 

209902 

19568 

662 


254170 
35494 
19175 
26003 
56298 
47174 
10781 
10593 
54414 
60229 
38064 
6()50 
311 


6-063 

-942 

•570 

•819 

•957 

1-142 

1-33^ 

1-944 

3-732 

8-274 

18-134 

33.984 

47-277 


UndtT .} 
5 — 10 
10 — 15 
15 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 10 
40 — 50 
50 — ()() 
00 — 70 
70 — 80 
SO — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upward. 


Total 


30615890 


701221 


2-290 


32063344 


679356 


2-11!) 1 Total 



The results now described in columns 4th and 7th of Table B, were made to represent 
the rate of mortality at the mean age of that period of life opposite to which they are 
placed ; intermediate terms were then found by the method of third differences, and the 
whole was subsequently corrected as follows : 

Let Ai represent the first terai ; 



A, 
A3 
A„ 



second ; 
third ; 

the n term ; then 
+ A, + A3 + A, + A, _ ^ 



-j - A3 + A, + A3 + A„ _ ^^ 
5 



And 



A. _ 4 + A„ 



3 + A„ _ 2 + A, _ I + A„ _ . , 



The adjusted results thus obtained form columns 4 and 9 of Table C, and may be 
considered a fair expression of the rate of mortahty at the respective ages opposite to 
which they are placed in the Table. Columns 2nd and 3rd, 7th and 8th in the same Table, 

[show 



m ENGLAND AND WALES. 



Table C. 
England and AVales. 



Ages. 




MALES. 




Ages. 




females. 




1 

Ai^t-. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


791 


•791 


126-422 


10 


100000 


792 


-792 


126-262 


10 


11 


99209 


696 


■702 


142-501 


11 


99208 


712 


-718 


139-276 


11 


12 


98513 


624 


•633 


157-978 


12 


98496 


653 


-663 


150-830 


12 


13 


97889 


576 


•588 


170-068 


13 


97843 


618 


■632 


158-223 


13 


14 


97313 


555 


•570 


175-439 


14 


97225 


610 


-627 


159-490 


14 


15 


96758 


562 


•581 


172-117 


15 


96615 


627 


-649 


154-583 


15 


16 


96196 


598 


•622 


160-772 


16 


95988 


671 


-699 


143-061 


16 


17 


95598 


636 


•665 


150-376 


17 


95317 


710 


-745 


134-228 


17 


18 


94962 


673 


•709 


141-044 


18 


94607 


744 


-786 


127-226 


18 


19 


94289 


706 


•749 


133-511 


19 


93863 


769 


-819 


1 22-100 


19 


20 


93583 


734 


•784 


127-551 


20 


93094 


786 


•844 


118-483 


20 


21 


92849 


757 


•815 


122-699 


21 


92308 


794 


•860 


116-279 


21 


22 


92092 


778 


•845 


118-343 


22 


91514 


804 


-879 


113-766 


22 


23 


91314 


800 


•876 


114-155 


23 


90710 


815 


-899 


111-235 


23 


24 


90514 


822 


•908 


110-132 


24 


89895 


825 


-918 


108-932 


24 


25 


89692 


840 


•936 


106-838 


25 


89070 


835 


-938 


106-610 


25 


26 


88852 


853 


■960 


104-167 


26 


88235 


845 


-958 


104-384 


26 


27 


87999 


S63 


•981 


101-937 


27 


87390 


854 


-977 


102-354 


27 


28 


87136 


870 


•998 


100-200 


28 


86536 


863 


•997 


100-301 


28 


29 


S6266 


872 


1-011 


98-912 


29 


85673 


870 


1-016 


98-425 


29 


30 


85394 


874 


1-023 


97-752 


30 


84803 


878 


1-035 


96-618 


30 


31 


84520 


876 


1-036 


96-525 


31 


83925 


884 


1-053 


94-967 


31 


32 


83644 


877 


1-049 


95-329 


32 


83041 


891 


1-073 


93-197 


32 


33 


82767 


880 


1-063 


94-073 


33 


82150 


895 


1-089 


91-827 


33 


34 


81887 


883 


1-078 


92-764 


34 


81255 


900 


1-107 


90-334 


34 


35 


81004 


887 


1-095 


91-324 


35 


80355 


902 


1-123 


89-047 


35 


36 


80117 


892 


1-113 


89-847 


36 


79453 


904 


1-138 


87^873 


36 


37 


79225 


898 


M34 


88-183 


37 


78549 


906 


1-153 


86-730 


37 


38 


78327 


906 


1-157 


86-430 


38 


77643 


906 


1-167 


85-690 


38 


39 


77421 


917 


1-184 


84-460 


39 


76737 


906 


1-181 


84-674 


39 


40 


76504 


927 


1-212 


82-508 


40 


75831 


906 


1-194 


83-752 


40 


41 


75577 


941 


1-245 


80*321 


41 


74925 


908 


1-212 


82-508 


41 


42 


74636 


955 


1-279 1 


78-186 


42 


74017 


911 


1-231 


81-235 


42 


43 


73681 


972 


1-319 


75-815 


43 


73106 


916 


1-253 


79-808 


43 


44 


72709 


990 


1-361 


73-475 


44 


72190 


923 


1-277 


78-309 


44 


45 


71719 


1009 


1-407 


71-073 


45 


71267 


931 


1-307 


76-511 


45 


46 


70710 


1028 


1-454 


68-776 


46 


70336 


940 


1-337 


74-794 


46 


47 


69682 


1049 


1-506 


66^401 


47 


69396 


953 


1-373 


72-833 


47 


48 


68633 


1071 


1-560 


64-103 


48 


68443 


966 


1-411 


70-872 


48 


49 


67562 


1095 


1-621 


6r690 


49 


67477 


982 


1-455 


68-728 


49 


50 


66467 


1120 


1-685 


59^347 


50 


66495 


999 


1-503 


66-534 


50 


51 


65347 


1151 


1-761 


56-786 


51' 


65496 


1020 


1-558 


64-185 


51 


52 


64196 


1183 


1-842 


o4^289 


52 


64476 


1043 


1-617 


61-843 


52 


53 


63013 


1219 


1-935 


51-680 


53 


63433 


1072 


1-690 


59172 


53 


54 


61794 


1258 


2-035 


49-140 


54 


62361 


1102 


1-768 


56-561 


54 


55 


60536 


1299 


2-146 


46-598 


55 


61259 


1143 


1-866 


53-591 


55 


56 


59237 


1339 


2-261 


44-228 


56 


60116 


1192 


1-982 


50-454 


56 


57 


57898 


1386 


2-393 


41-789 


57 


58924 


12.37 


2-100 


47-619 


57 


58 


56512 


1429 


2-529 


39-541 


58 


57687 


1277 


2-215 


45-147 


.-8 



DURATIOX OF LIFE 

Table C continued. 
England and W^vles. 



Ages. 


MALES. 


Ages. 


FEMALES. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortaliiy 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


59 


55083 


1478 


2-684 


37-258 


59 


56410 


1325 


2-348 


42-590 


59 


60 


53605 


1527 


2-849 


35-100 


60 


55085 


1365 


2-479 


40-339 


60 


61 


52078 


1583 


3-040 


32-895 


61 


53720 


1410 


2-625 


38-095 


61 


62 


50495 


1637 


3-242 


30-845 


62 


52310 


1463 


2-797 


35-753 


62 


63 


48858 


1697 


3-474 


28-785 


63 


50847 


1529 


3-008 


33-245 


63 


64 


47161 


1754 


3-720 


26-882 


64 


49318 


1594 


3-233 


30-931 


64 


65 


45407 


1815 


3-996 


25-025 


65 


47724 


1666 


3-492 


28-637 


65 


66 


43592 


1868 


4-284 


23-343 


66 


46058 


1732 


3-761 


26-589 


66 


67 


41724 


1923 


4-608 


21-701 


67 


44326 


1801 


4-065 


24-600 


67 


68 


39801 


1969 


4-947 


20-214 


68 


42525 


1863 


4-383 


22-815 


68 


69 


37832 


2016 


5-329 


18-765 


69 


40662 


1929 


4-744 


21-079 


69 


70 


35816 


2054 


5-735 


17-437 


70 


38733 


1985 


5-126 


19-508 


70 


71 


33762 


2092 


6-197 


16-137 


71 


36748 


2044 


5-563 


17-976 


71 


72 


31670 


2118 


6-686 


14-957 


72 


34704 


2090 


6-022 


16-606 


72 


7:5 


29552 


2141 


7-243 


13-806 


73 


32614 


2134 


6-543 


15-283 


73 


74 


27411 


2146 


7-828 


12-775 


74 


30480 


2161 


7-090 


14-104 


74 


75 


25265 


2148 


8-502 


11-762 


75 


28319 


2183 


7-711 


12-968 


75 


76 


23117 


2131 


9-218 


10-848 


76 


26136 


2187 


8-368 


11-950 


76 


77 


20986 


2107 


10-041 


9-960 


77 


23949 


2180 


9-103 


10-985 


77 


78 


18879 


2062 


10-924 


9-158 


78 


21769 


2149 


9-876 


10-126 


78 


79 


16817 


2001 


11 •880 


8-403 


79 


19620 


2105 


10-732 


9-319 


79 


80 


14816 


1910 


12-889 


7-758 


80 


17515 


2035 


11-621 


8-606 


80 


81 


12906 


1803 


13-972 


7-158 


81 


15480 


1948 


12-588 


7-943 


81 


82 


11103 


1672 


15-055 


6-644 


82 


13532 


1838 


13-589 


7-358 


82 


83 


9431 


1528 


16-206 


6-170 


83 


11694 


1716 


14-674 


6-817 


83 


84 


7903 


1375 


17-399 


5-747 


84 


9978 


1575 


15-789 


6-329 


84 


85 


6528 


1222 


18-716 


5-349 


85 


8403 


-1430 


17-020 


5-875 


85 


86 


5306 


1066 


20-098 


4-975 


86 


6973 


1277 


18-312 


5-461 


86 


87 


4240 


923 


21-777 


4-591 


87 


5696 


1123 


19-708 


5-074 


87 


88 


3317 


766 


23-095 


4-330 


88 


4573 


968 


21-162 


4-726 


88 


89 


2551 


630 


24-687 


4-050 


89 


3605 


819 


22-706 


4-403 


89 


90 


1921 


505 


26-277 


3-806 


90 


2786 


676 


24-268 


4-120 


90 


91 


1416 


395 


27-877 


3-589 


91 


2110 


545 


25-846 


3-868 


91 


92 


1021 


302 


29-582 


3-381 


92 


1565 


429 


27-404 


3-650 


92 


93 


719 


224 


31-127 


3-212 


93 


1136 


329 


28-999 


3-450 


93 


94 


495 


162 


32-817 


3-047 


91 


8(>7 


247 


30-625 


3-266 


94 


95 


333 


114 


34-297 


2-920 


95 


560 


180 


32-193 


3-107 


95 


96 


219 


78 


35-572 


2-811 


96 


380 


128 


33-724 


2-966 


96 


97 


141 


52 


36-644 


2-729 


97 


252 


89 


35.223 


2-839 


97 


98 


89 


33 


37-482 


2-668 


98 


163 


60 


36-642 


2-729 


98 


99 


56 


21 


38 066 


2-627 


99 


103 


39 


37-971 


2-634 


99 


100 


35 


14 


38-650 


2-587 


100 


64 


25 


39-300 


2-544 


100 


101 


21 


8 


39-234 


2-549 


101 


39 


16 


40-629 


2-461 


101 


102 


13 


5 


39-818 


2-511 


102 


23 


10 


41-958 


2-384 


102 


103 


8 


3 


40-402 


2-475 


103 


13 


6 


43-287 


2-310 


103 


104 


5 


2 


40-986 


2-440 


104 


7 


3 


44-617 


2-241 


104 


105 


3 


2 


41-570 


2-405 


105 


4 


2 


45-947 


2-177 


105 


106 


1 


1 


42-1.54 


2-372 


106 


2 


1 


47-277 


2-115 


1,06 



IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 7 

now, out of 100,000 persons attaining the age of ten years, the number living to each 
subsequent year of life, and also the numbers dying in each successive year of life. Columns 
5 and 1 contain the reciprocals of columns 4 and 9, and represent the specific intensity 
of life at each age. Male and female life wiU each be found to attain its highest specific 
intensity at the age of 14. It will also be seen that male life possesses a much 
higher specific intensity than female life up to the age of 25 inclusive ; from that to 
the age of 38 the difference is very little, but that generally in favour of male life ; 
and that from 38 upwards to nearly the extreme of life, the scale turns in favour of 
female life, and the specific intensity is higher throughout. At the age of 50 the two 
sexes attain their balance, the numbers surviving of each, from the age of 10, being 
equal. The nature of the specific intensity, in the preceding sense, must be clearly 
understood to refer to that period of life only to which it is affixed, and not to be any 
index to the general value of life ; for it wiU be seen that although male life jjossesses 
a higher specific intensity up to the age of 38, still female life is of a higher absolute 
value throughout the whole of the same period. 

Table D exhibits the Expectation of Life as deduced from the data already described ; 
and Avithout attempting any thing like an elaborate comparison between it and other tables, 
hitherto regarded as a near approximation to the real measure of life, such observations 
only will be made as appear to be more intimately connected with the subject of this paper. 

It is clear that a table formed from the data at present under consideration, vnQ. 
show the value of life in the country generally ; aU classes of society, from the highest 
to the lowest, being included ; and it mU therefore serve as a usefid standard of comparison 
with the measure of life in individual classes of society, provided the rate of mortality in 
those classes can be determined. 

In order to convey a general idea of the value of life as represented by Table D, it 
may be stated that it gives a greater expectation to males throughout the whole range 
of the table, than is given in the Table at page XIX. of the 5th Report of the Registrar 
General : 

At Age 10 the difference is 
,, 20 



30 
40 
50 
60 „ I 

70 
80 
90 



68 of a year. 

81 

97 

92 

83 

00 

44 

15 

15 

[The value 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table D. 
Expectation — England a^d Wales — Whole Population. 



Ages. 


Males. 


Females. 


Ages. 


Males. 


females. 


10 


47-7564 


48-3826 


59 


15-1806 


16-1552 


11 


47-1332 


47-7648 


GO 


14-5854 


15-5320 


12 


46-4()26 


47-1065 


61 


13-9983 


14-9137 


13 


45-7555 


46-4175 


62 


13-4215 


14-3022 


14 


45-0234 


45-7140 


63 


12-8544 


13-6994 


15 


44-1781 


44-9950 


64 


12-2990 


13-1086 


16 


43-5342 


44-2855 


65 


11-7545 


12-5300 


17 


42-8034 


43-5937 


66 


11-2230 


11-9648 


18 


42-0862 


42-9171 


67 


10-7026 


11-4128 


19 


41-3830 


42-2533 


68 


10-1954 


10-8750 


20 


40-6910 


41-5982 


69 


9-7000 


10-3504 


21 


40-0092 


40-9482 


70 


9-2176 


9-8409 


22 


39-3339 


40-2991 


71 


8-7480 


9-3455 


23 


38-6652 


39-6519 


72 


8-2927 


8-8665 


24 


38-0025 


39-0008 


73 


7-8510 


8-4025 


25 


37-3457 


38-3635 


74 


7-4251 


7-9559 


26 


36-6946 


37-7218 


75 


7-0131 


7.5248 


27 


36-0455 


37-0817 


76 


6-0184 


7-1116 


28 


35-3975 


36-4427 


77 


6-2395 


6-7153 


29 


34-7494 


35-8048 


78 


5-8802 


6-3378 


30 


34-0990 


35-1671 


79 


5-5361 


5-9772 


31 


33-4466 


34-5297 


80 


5-2160 


5-6355 


32 


32-7916 


33-8919 


81 


4-9094 


5-3106 


33 


32-1337 


33-2541 


82 


4-6253 


5-0031 


34 


31-4736 


32-6149 


83 


4 -.35 07 


4-7109 


35 


30-8120 


31-9750 


84 


4-1025 


4-4.351 


36 


30-1469 


31-3312 


85 


3-8610 


4-1726 


37 


29-4808 


30-6867 


86 


3-6349 


3-9258 


38 


28-8130 


30-0390 


87 


3-4212 


3-6938 


39 


28-1443 


29-3877 


88 


3-2350 


3-4781 


40 


27-4760 


28-7330 


89 


3-0567 


3-2778 


41 


26-8065 


28-0742 


90 


2-8930 


3-0944 


42 


26-1382 


27-4125 


91 


2-7458 


2-9256 


43 


25-4701 


26-7479 


92 


2-6143 


2-7703 


44 


24-8039 


26-0809 


93 


2-4986 


2-6276 


45 


24-1390 


25-4120 


94 


2-3976 


2-4950 


46 


23-4767 


24-7420 


95 


2-3208 


2-3750 


47 


22-8156 


24-0703 


96 


2-2727 


2-2G32 


48 


22-1567 


23-3985 


97 


2-1879 


2-1587 


49 


21-4996 


22-7263 


98 


2-1631 


2-0644 


50 


20-8463 


22-0545 


99 


2-1379 


1-9757 


51 


20-1947 


21-3834 


100 


2-1388 


1-8750 


52 


19-5478 


20-7137 


101 


2-0652 


1-7564 


53 


18-9050 


20-5461 


102 


2 0715 


1-6304 


54 


18-2682 


19-3821 


103 


1-9445 


1-5000 


55 


17-6370 


18-7220 


104 


1-6667 


1-3571 


56 


17-0128 


18-0682 


105 


1-2500 


1-0000 


57 


16-3946 


17-4236 


106 


1-0000 


-5000 


58 


15-7842 


16-7865 


107 


■5000 





IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 9 

The value of Female Life, Table D, is also higher than Female Life in the Table 
of the Registrar General ; the difference of Expectation in the two Tables being — 



At Age 10 the diflference is 


•57 of 


a year. 


„ 20 


)i 


•79 


>» 


„ 30 


>) 


•92 


)) 


„ 40 


)» 


l-Ol 


)> 


„ 50 


>» 


•98 


f> 


„ 60 


5> 


1-U 


>) 


„ 70 


>> 


•81 


» 


„ 80 


>» 


•44 


>> 


„ 90 


>» 


•32 


>) 



A comparison of the expectation of Male Life in Table D with the Carlisle Table, 
which includes both sexes, wiU shew a higher value of life in the Carlisle Table up to age 54 : 

At Age 10 the difference is 1^06 of a year. 
20 i^ ^77 

30 „ -24 

40 .. •IS 

50 „ -26 and 

54 they nearly coincide. 

Again, from that age up tiU 75 the difference is very little, but that generally 
against the Carlisle Table ; and at 75 the Carlisle Table again crosses, and maintains a 
superiority till the extreme of life. 

The expectation of Female Life, as shewn in Table D, is higher than the expec- 
tation of the Carlisle Table after 15 years of age : 

At Age 20 the difference being -14 of a year. 
30 .. ^83 



40 
50 
60 
70 
80 



M2 

•94 

1^18 

1-66 

•13 



higher after that age. 



88 they nearly coincide, and the Carlisle Table continues 



A comparison of the mean of the expectation of Male and Female Life In 

D 



10 DURATION OF LIFE 

Table D, with the expectation of the Carlisle Table, produces the following results, 
namely, 

At Age 10 the difference in favour of the Carlisle Table is -75 of a year. 

•> -''-' >i It >t 'oil ,, 

„ 80 the difference in favour of England & Wales is '29 ,, 

40 -49 

j> "'J )} jj >> '"■* >> 

J) ^^ ^» 19 5» ' -*■ l> 

J> ''J >> >> SJ *"^ >> 

Again at 80 the difference in favour of the Carlisle Table is -09 ,, 

>) 90 ,, ,, ,, '29 ,, 

So that the absolute difference throughout the whole course of both Tables is very small, 
and the near approximation rather remarkable, considering the very different sources from 
which the data are derived. For a more minute comparison of those results with several of 
the best recognized Life Tables, reference is made to the Table in the Appendix, Xote I. 

Much attention has of late been given to the supposed influence of locality on the dura- 
tion of life ; still no piibHc means have yet been employed to correctly solve the question. 
For the progress of vital statistics it unfortunately happens, that the public records of 
this country are kept Avith very little regard to method or unity of plan. The Report 
of the Census may certainly in itself be regarded as a very complete document ; 
and perhajjs no other country possesses such excellent Mortuary Registers ; yet for 
almost every purpose of exact calculation, both documents are nearly useless. No 
two things should have been more intimately related in design and classification, than 
the Census of the People and the Registration of Deaths. Still they seem to have been 
compiled without any regard to each other. For example, if it were required to com- 
pare any two counties in England — a manufacturing with an agricidtural county — an in- 
land with a coasting county — in order to determine the relative value of life in the respective 
populations, it cannot at the present time be done. The Report of the Census Com- 
missioners gives the population for those counties ; but on reference to the reports of the 
Registrar General it is found that the deaths are given for quite a different arrangement of 
districts. Again, if it be required to compare one district of the Registrar General with 
another, the same kind of difficulty arises ; for, on turning to the Census Report, those dis- 
tricts are in no way recognised. Precisely the same want in unity of plan is to be re- 
gretted in respect to the town districts of England, the districts of Census Commissioners 
constantly differing from those adopted by the Registrar General. 

Were these difficulties overcome, it would then be easy to detemiine the difference of 
mortality in various districts, in precisely the same manner that the difference of mortality 
in male and female life has been found in the preceding Table. Another inquiry at least 



IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 11 

would however still remain, before it could be decided to what extent the difference of mor- 
tality was owing to the simple influence or peciiliarity of locality itself. 

At present it is right to assmne, that either employment or occupation — condition in life, 
or rank in society — poverty or riches — has as direct an influence on the duration of life, 
as peculiarity of locality or habitation; for the effect of neither one nor the other 
of the presmned influencing causes has yet been correctly defined. The truth of this 
assumption may appear more evident thus : — Suppose that the town of Liverpool were 
compared with some purely agricultural district, and that a much higher rate of mortaHty 
was found to prevail in the former ; it would be no more right to assign this result wholly, 
or mdeed any given portion of it, to the badly-conditioned streets and ill-planned houses 
of Liverpool, than to any other of the supposed causes. 

In order to determine the sunple influence of locahty, like classes m the respective 
districts must be compared. In a comparison of districts A and B, if it so happened that 
in A two elements c and d were found to influence the value of life, while in B one only 
of those elements existed, the grounds of comparison would evidently be fallacious. Now 
this is precisely a parallel case to the state of things wliich exists in comparisons that have 
frequently been made between the manufacturing towns and the rural districts of England, 
and between one manufacturing town and another. Causes influencing the duration of 
life, independent of locality itself, frequently exist in the one, and not in the other; by 
overlooking which, observers are often led to assign excessive mortality to imaginary 
causes. If simple elements were compared, errors of this kind would be avoided. 
Keeping this in view, and referring to the preceding case, let c be supposed to represent 
comfort, and d distress. If, comparing comfort in district A with comfort in district B, a 
greater mortality were found to prevail in the former than in the latter, it would then be 
right to assume that the remaining elements — ill-ventilated houses, badly-drained streets, 
and the like — in district A, were not so favourable to life as in district B ; but it would 
have been Avi-ong to draw such a conclusion, had Comfort and Distress in the one district 
been compared with Comfort only in the other. 

It is evident that, in a comparison of the general mortality of any one place with that 
of another, such errors could not be avoided. It may happen that the prevalence of a 
particular kind of employment or occupation in the one, which is not common to the other 
district — but which employment is of an unhealthy nature, or perhaps subject to great 
fluctuations in prosperity, or probably both combined — may produce an excessive mortaUty, 
the cause of which may be attributed to badly -planned dwellings, instead of to poverty 
and its train of dii'efid consequences. 

y If it were possible to compare any one class in a given district vnXh. the same class 
under exactly similar circumstances in another district, the only distinction being the 
difference of district or locality, then it is plain that the influence of locality, if any, would 
manifest itself. 



12 DURATION OF LIFE IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 

Again, if diiFerent classes of persons in the same locality were compared — for example, 
those following diiFerent employments — the only distinction being diiFerence of employment, 
then the force of that element, if any, on the duration of life would appear., 

In the present paper it is proposed to enter into this question, and to shew if possible 
the influence of locality in the manner just described. The effect of employment on health 
will be treated of, on the present occasion, so far only as may be necessary to solve the 
question of locality. 



DURATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



The data to which this part of the inquiry belongs have been derived from two sources. 
One portion — that relating to the Friendly Societies in England — has been obtained 
through the kindness of Mr. J. Tidd Pratt ; and consists of the Quinquennial Returns for 
1836-1840, made under the Friendly Societies Act, 10 Greo. IV. c. 56. § 34, as amended 
by 4 & 5 Wm. IV. c. 40. § 6. And an inspection of the form of schedide given under 
that Act ■will shew the nature and extent of the information which can be derived from 
this source. 

It was considered that Returns from tbe Friendly Societies in Scotland would form a 
valuable contribution to Vital Statistics, and at the same time be interesting to compare 
with the results obtained from English Societies; especially as Mr. AnseU's valuable work 
had given rise to many curious conjectures on the comparative amount of Sickness in the 
two countries ; the inquiry made by the Highland Society having exliibited a less degree of 
sickness among the Scotch Societies, than the results of Mr. AnseU's investigation shewed 
to be prevalent in Societies in England. Accordingly, in 1840, a mmiber of blank schediiles 
were sent to nearly every parish minister in Scotland, with a note requesting him to use 
his influence with the neighbouring Friendly Societies, to induce them to fuiTiish the 
infonnation required ; but the attempt to procure data in this manner proved an almost 
complete failure. In 1843 another attempt was made, but on this occasion prizes were 
offered to those making the best and most complete returns ; which had the desired effect 
of procuring a series of schedules fiUed up evidently with much care ; and although very 
elaborate, the nicest attention seemed to be given to the minutest detail. These constitute 
the second source from which the data just referred to are derived. 

As it is proposed to enter into a few points only of the inquiry, in this paper, a form 
of the Schedule is given, that an idea may be formed of the extent of the information 
obtained, as well as the combinations of which the varied character of the data is susceptible- 



14 



DUEATION OF LIFE 



Society, Established in the Year, 



in the Tow7i of_ 



_County of_ 



MEMBERS. 


Date 

of 

Birth. 


Date 

of 

Admission 

into the 

Society. 


3 

i§ 

to 

< 


Date 

of 

becoming 

a Free 
Member. 


The 
to 


AVIiole 
which 


amount of 
the Mcmbc 


time 
r has 






• 












DEATil. 


Date at whieli ttie Mcniberccased 
to belong to the Society: whether 
from arrears of Contributions, from 
Kxpulsion, or from any other cause 
except Death. 


i 

c 

1 
< 

a 

3 


Remarks. 


N;inic. 


Occupatiou 
or Trade. 


been entitled to Aliment, in- 
cluding Bed-lying, Walking- 
about, and every other de- 
scription of Ali'uent; during 
the Years — 


The part of that time which 
he has been entitled to 
Walking-about Pay only ; 
during the Years — 


Oate of 


Age at 


Disease or 
Cause of 


Period 
sick before 
Death. 


1831 


&c. 1 


&c. 1 


1842 


1831 


&c. 


6cc. 


1842 




« 


1 




M 

.s 


1 

a 




1 


1 


a 


is 


a 


M 

!• 




1 


a 


o 

































































1. When anj' particular case of Sickness maj' have commenced in one year, and continued to the following year, care must be taken to ascribe 
the proper quantity of sickness to each year. 

2. Every member's name, or initials, must be entered in the Schedule, whether he may have received aliment at any time, or not. 

3. In fillin" up the columns of Sickness, Sundays are meant to be included. If it should be more convenient to exclude them, please to staff 
tliat you have done so. 

4. If the member's correct date of birth, and also his age at admission into the Society, be known, it will be entered as such ; if not, liis present 
age, his a<;e at death or at expulsion, as the case may be, must be guessed at or approximated to by the person who fiUs up the Schedule, and also 
by any other person who may know the member in question, and inserted in the colimm headed " Remarks." The age on the preceding birthday 
should be taken, if not otherwise expressed. 

5. If it be the practice of the Society to distinguish between Bed-lyiug and Waliing-about Pay, care must be taken to fill up the respective 
columns. 

6. The column of Deaths, as well as the column of Members who have been expelled, or who have lefl the Society, must be tilled up with much 

7. Should it be inconvenient or impossible to fiirnish the information for any particular column, or colmnas, it is hoped that the remaining ones 
will be filled up with as much accuracy as possible. 

8. If it should happen that the information given respecting any particular Member stands in need of any explanation, such is to be given in 
the column headed " Remarks." 

9. If the columns for the whole period of twelve years cannot be filled up, please to fill up as many as possible. 

10. It will also be important to have an Abstract of the Society's Income and Expenditure fiUed up in the annexed Form. 

11. A Copy of the Society's Printed Rules or Regulations will be useful ; and if such cannot be fomarded, then a written abstract of the terms 
of Contribution from Members, and of the benefits or aliments afforded them ; with any other information of a useful nature relating to the Society. 

12. A Copy of the Return of Sickness and Mortality sent to the Barrister or Advocate appointed to Certify the Rules of Friendly Societies, 
would be very desirable. 

13. Insert, in the column headed " Remarks," how many times the Member may have been sick during the period referred to in the adjoining 
columns ; for example, a Member may have experienced, in any one or more years, twenty weeks of sickness, which may have been all one attack of 
iUness, or it may represent three or four different attacks of illness ; and the number of attacks is to be stated, which can always be done by refer- 
iiig to the Society's books, and seeing the number of applications he has made for sick allowance. 

14. It is also to be kept in view, that when a member's death is recorded, it should be stated in the column headed " Disease or Cause of" 
for what period he was iU in the attack of sickness immediately preceding his death. 







Abstract of til e Society's 


Income and Expenditure. 




Date of balancing in 
the respective years. 


Amount of Income during the preceding 
year, from 


Amount of Expenditure during the preced- 
ing year, on account of 


Amount of Stock in 

band at each -period 

of balancing. 


Contributions not 
including Arrears. 


Imerf St of Stock 
and otlier Sources. 


Aliment in 
Sickness. 


Funeral and 
other Espc:;ses. 




1831 
&c. 
Sec. 

1842 













Number of Members in tlie Society on the 



day of 



1831 . 
&c. 
&c. 
1842 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



15 



The data were subsequently abstracted on sheets sunilar to the foUomng, and the 
results of every Society were kept separate from those of every other. The results of 
every particular trade or emplojTnent were also kept distinct from those of every other 
occupation. 

Schedule on ivhich the Original Facts were Abstracted. 



No. 


10 




11 


&c. 


&c. 


&C. 


&c. 


99 


100 


Remarks. 


1 


Sickness 






"Sickness 


1 s 


Sickness 


c 


i 


Sickness 




u 


Sickness 




O 


Sicknc--; 




d 


Sickness 


a> 


c5 


Sickness 




i 


c 






n 


s 


1 


1 




1 




rid 




1 




1 
1 


1 









































































By this arrangement a means was afforded to measure the precise amount of Sickness 
and Mortahty experienced by any particular Society, the ratio due to each year of life, and 
also how far its affairs were influenced by the particular trades and occupations of its 
IMembers. 

All the Societies having been abstracted in this way, the results were afterwards com- 
bined in the following manner : — 

The Societies belonging to the Rural Districts were .placed in one group. 

The Societies belonging to Town Districts were placed in another group. 

And a tliird group was formed from those Societies estabhshed in the great 
Towns or Cities. A hst of the places composing the respective groups of Rural 
Districts, To-svn Districts, and City Districts, is given in Appendix, Note II. 

This plan was adopted in preference to a binary arrangement, in order to prevent a 
purely rural district from being mixed up with some of the smaller townis, and the great 
city districts with the larger towns. 

The results of the first group, or Rural Districts, were then combined as follows. The 
totals of a given trade were placed on one of the Abstract Sheets ; and the totals of the same 
trade in a second and a third Society, and so forth, were placed next in order on the same 
sheet, until aU the Societies in the Rural Districts of the first county in alphabetical .order 
were exhausted. The smns of those totals were then found, which shewed tlie amount of 
sickness and mortality among a certain number of persons at each age and of a given trade 
in that county. The same trade was cai-ried through the rural districts of every other 
county in the same manner ; and the totals for each county being added together, shewed 
the general result for that trade in the whole of the rural districts combined. The same 
trade was carried through the second group, or Town Districts, and also the third 
group, or City Districts, in precisely the same manner, so that an opportunity was thus 
afforded, of vie-s\ing the comparative degree of health, in the same occupation or employ- 

[ment, 



16 



DURATION OF LIFE - 

Table E. 
Trades not Classified — Rukal Districts — Males. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 








In 


Period?. 




In Periods. 




At 
Each Age. 


In 
Periods. 


At 






At 
Each Age. 










Each Age 


. Total. 


Per Cent. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


50 


50 








11-286 


11-286 


0-2257 


10 


11 


9n 




"^ 






72-572^ 






11 


12 


163 










180-572 






12 


13 


254 . 


1737 


... > 


4 


0-2302 


255-858 . 


1373-861 


0-8485 


13 


14 


423 










402-144 






14 


15 


806 




3. 






462-715 






15 


16 


1443^ 




10^ 






1036.572^ 






16 


17 


2348 




20 






1870-572 






17 


18 


3826 > 


21408 


28 ' 


159 


0-7427 


3046-143 > 


17913-857 


0-8367 


18 


19 


5736 




42 






4921-428 






19 


20 


8055 




59j 






7039-142J 






20 


21 


10518' 




75^ 






9135-856'1 






21 


22 


13081 




96 






11065-856 






22 


23 


15232 


74586 


109 


550 


0-7333 


12714-856 > 


62783-994 


0-8417 


23 


24 


17150 




127 






14151-713 






24 


25 


18605 




143 






15715-713 






25 


26 


19836" 




153" 






17252-713~ 






26 


27 


20791 




150 






18295-427 






27 


28 


21672 


107009 


154 


760 


0-7102 


19914-856 > 


95782-138 


0-8950 


28 


29 


22189 




152 






20343-428 






29 


30 


22521 




151. 






19975-714, 






30 


31 


22495^ 




154^ 






19281-857'^ 






31 


32 


22297 




150 






18901-000 






32 


33 


21840 


110107 


153 


785 


0-7129 


18020-142 > 


93140-282 


0-8459 


33 


34 


21834 




159 






18192-856 






34 


35 


21641 




169 






18744-427 






35 


36 


215661 




163^ 






19461-570" 






36 


37 


21341 
21313 




169 






20218-570 






37 


38 


■ 103887 


163 


801 


0-7710 


20797.999 \ 


101701-423 


0-9789 


38 


39 


20291 




156 






20663-999 






39 


40 


19376 




150 






20559-285^ 






40 


41 


18299" 




150^ 






19893-570" 






41 


42 


17393 




136 






19747-141 






42 


43 


.162.32 


• 82763 


135 


692 


0-8361 


19453-570 > 
19322-570 


97756-993 


1-1811 


43 


44 


15769 




141 










44 


45 


15070 




130 






19340- 142 J 
19275-428] 






45 


46 


14639" 




132" 










46 


47 


14006 




140 






18744-143 






47 


48 


13455 


. 66447 


144 ) 


> 686 


1-0324 


17796-571 


90544-713 


1-3626 


48 


49 


12510 




132 






17345-857 






49 


50 


11837 




138 






18382-714 






50 


51 


10980" 




133^ 






17718-857^ 






51 


52 


10236 




139 






17994-428 






52 


53 


9485 


- 48361 


143 ) 


> 702 


1-4515 


18670-714 


93350-427 


1-9302 


53 


54 


9066 




146 






19254-857 






54 


55 


8594 




14lj 






19711-571 






55 























IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 

Table E continued. 
Trades not Classified. — Pvui?al Districts. — Males. 



17 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 


1 




In Periods. 




In Periods. 




At 
Each Age 


In 
Periods. 


At 
EachAg 






At 










e Total. 


Per Cent. 


Each Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




56 


8i5n 




145"^ 






20159-714" 




« 


56 


57 


7768 




142 






20457-571 






57 


58 


7382 


36326 


141 ) 


698 


1-9215 


21510-714 


106070-284 


2-9199 


58 


59 


6789 




139 






21979-428 






59 


60 


6236 




13lJ 






21962-857 
21534-000* 






60 


61 


5692* 




122 










61 


62 


5121 




123 






21917-286 






62 


63 


4613 


23677 


121 


596 


2-5172 


23708-143 


124379-429 


5-2531 


63 


64 


4286 




116 






27106-000 






64 


65 


3965 




114 






30114-000 






65 


66 


3694* 




117* 






33347 285* 






66 


67 


3453 




130 






35968-142 






67 


68 


3188 


15781 


133 


653 


4-1378 


36220-570 


176695-852 


11-1967 


68 


69 


2870 




132 






35701-142 






69 


70 


2576 




141 






35458-713 






70 


71 


2248* 




138* 






34905-571* 






71 


72 


1931 
1666 




116 






33618-857 






72 


73 


8602 


104 


551 


6-4054 


32508-000 


160791-141 


18-6922 


73 


74 


1472 




101 






30863-285 






74 


75 


1285 




92 






28895-428 






75 


76 


1130^ 




85* 






26211-142* 






76 


77 


984 




73 






23605-142 






77 


78 


855 


4203 


66 


333 


7-9229 


20783-999 


100552-281 


23-9239 


78 


79 


688 




56 






16875-856 






79 


■ 80 


546 




53 






13076-142 






80 


81 


428* 




43* 






10298-856* 






81 


82 


339 




42 






8185-570 






82 


83 


255 


1397 


35 


168 


12-0257 


6316-428 


34925-711 


25-0005 


83 


84 


208 




31 






5376-000 






84 


85 


167 




1''^ 






4748-857 






85 


86 


139^ 




15* 






4094-143* 






86 


87 


106 




11 






3155-715 






87 


88 


84 


435 


8 


45 


10-3448 


2415-715 > 


12497-289 


28-7294 


88 


89 


62 




6 






1733-858 






89 


90 


44 J 




5^ 






1097-858 






90 


91 


28" 




2* 






677-001* 






91 


92 


21 










483-001 






92 


93 


14 > 


82 


... > 


2 


2-4390 


274-715 . 


1717-718 


20-9477 


93 


94 


11 










170-572 






94 


95 


8 




' 






112-429 






95 


96 


6* 










52-286* 






96 


97 


5 
















97 


98 


5 > 


25 








... /■ 


5228-6 


2-0914 


98 


99 


5 
















99 


100 


4^ 










' ' ' ^ 






100 


101 


3 


3 














101 




706886 




8185 




1-1579 


1372040-9(35 




1-9410 





18 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table E continued. 



Trades not Classified. — Town Districts — Males. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


sickness. 




Age. 


* 

At 
Each Age. 


In 
Periods. 


At 


In 


Perioih. 


At 
E.ich Age. 


In Periods 




Ea'-'h Ag 


e Total. 


Per Cent. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


15 


15 


^ 






19-000 


19-000 


1-2666 


10 


11 


481 




"^ 






29-8571 






n 


12 


109 










61-571 






12 


13 


206 > 


1454 


"l > 


4 


0-2751 


160-571 > 


1036-712 


0-7130 


13 


14 


403 




1 






270-428 






14 


15 


688 




2^ 






514-285 






15 


10 


1017"" 




7" 






727-285" 






16 


17 


1390 




8 






1070-571 






17 


18 


1826 > 


9315 


8 > 


50 


0-5367 


1465-571 > 


7765-284 


0-8336 


18 


19 


2278 




13 






2041-714 






19 


20 


2804 




1^. 






2460-143 






20 


21 


3460"" 




13" 






3099-429" 






21 


22 


4224 




19 






3837-000 






22 


23 


5076 > 


25473 


29 > 


136 


0-5338 


4598-286 


22731-143 


0-8907 


23 


24 


5958 




33 






5290-000 






24 


25 


6755 




42 






5906-428 






25 


26 


'7442^ 




49" 






6300-713" 






26 


27 


8004 




53 






6524-428 






27 


28 


8422 


41592 


55 > 


286 


0-6876 


6788-428 


34582-425 


0-8314 


28 


29 


8720 




62 






7237-428 






29 


30 


9004 




67j 






7731-428^ 






30 


31 


9205^ 




73" 






8066-000' 






31 


32 


9318 




75 






8458-857 






32 


33 


9381 


46837 


79 


383 


0-8177 


9080-428 


44573-284 


0-9516 


33 


34 


9506 




80 






9288-571 






34 


35 


9427 




76 






9679-428 






35 


36 


9269" 




^n 






9938-571" 






36 


37 


9072 




81 






10061-714 






37 


38 


8815 


43221 


77 


385 


0-8907 


9653-571 


. 47601-997 


11013 


38 


39 


8255 




78 






9144-142 






39 


40 


7810 




78 






8803-999 

8931-284" 






40 


41 


7411" 




77i 










41 


42 


7055 




66 






9543-426 






42 


43 


6710 


. 34220 


73 


. 364 


10637 


10186-426 


51863-133 


1-5155 


43 


44 


6588 




74 






11242-141 






44 


45 


6456 




74J 






11909-856 






45 


46 


6279^ 




81" 






12552-428" 






46 


47 


6058 




89 






13032-857 






47 


48 


5840 


■ 28781 


83 


> 415 


1.4419 


13391-857 
13637-714 


■ 66420-570 


2-3077 


48 


49 


5504 




79 










49 


50 


5100 




83j 






13805-7 14 J 






50 























IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



19 



Table E continued. 



Trades not Classified. — Town Distiucts — Males. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 








li 


Periods. 




In Periods. 




At 
Each Age. 


In 
Periods. 


At 
Each Ag 






At 
Each Age. 








e Total. 


Per Cent 


Total. 


Per Annum. 


51 


4704 "^ 




78^ 






13249-57r 






51 


52 


4341 




74 






12215-285 






52 


53 


3998 


20318 


75 


■ 387 


1-9047 


11786-857 


. 59499-141 


2-9283 


53 


54 


3748 




80 




• 


11240-000 






54 


55 


3527 


9 


80 






11007-428 






55 


56 


3286'' 




88* 






11096-428* 






56 


57 


3025 




85 






11.361-285 






57 


58 


2717 


13341 


82 
73 


392 


2-9383 


10744-856 
9769-141 


51563-851 


3-8650 


58 


59 


2335 












59 


60 


1978 
1699* 




64J 






8592-141 






60 


61 




53 i 






7815-570* 






61 


62 


1462 




56 






7772-428 






62 


63 


1268 


6673 


51 


252 


3-7764 


8158-428 
9176-143 


43278-569 


6-4856 


63 


64 


1163 




46 










64 


65 


1081 




46 

45* 






10356-OOOJ 






65 


66 


978^ 








10969-571* 






66 


67 


867 




35 






10864-285 






67 


68 


782 > 


3847 


38 


207 


5-3808 


10746-142 > 


50466-567 


13-1184 


68 


69 


665 




43 






9632-427 






69 


70 


555 




46j 






8254-142 






70 


71 


470" 




4n 






7573-285* 






71 


72 


410 




42 






7070-142 






72 


73 


354 > 


1830 


39 > 


183 


10-0000 


6629-714 > 


34900-569 


19-0713 


73 


74 


315 




33 






6746-000 






74 


75 


281 




28 






6881-428 






75 


76 


247 "1 




26* 






6716-571* 






76 


77 


207 




22 






6218-428 






77 


78 


170 > 


898 


17 > 


89 


9-9109 


5596-142 > 


28221-140 


31-4266 


78 


79 


146 




14 






5088-142 






79 


80 


128 




10 






4601-857 






80 


81 


112^ 




11* 






3899-714* 






81 


82 


101 




12 






3487-000 






82 


83 


89 > 


439 


11 > 


55 


12-5284 


3107-000 > 


15505-715 


35-3205 


83 


84 


76 




10 






2720-572 






84 


85 


6lJ 




llj 






2291-429 






85 


86 


481 




9* 






2010-572* 






86 


87 


36 




6 






1610-715 






87 


88 


27 > 


140 


6 > 


29 


20-7142 


1189-001 > 


6033-575 


43-0969 


88 


89 


18 




5 






754-715 






89 


90 


11 




3 






468-572 






90 


91 


n 




\] 






256-429 \ 
93-286 \ 






91 


92 


2/ 


8 


3 


37-5000 


349-715 


43-7143 


92 


'278402 


3620 




1-3003 


566412-390 


! 2-0309 





20 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table E continued. 



Trades not Classified. — City Districts — Males. 



Age. 


l*opulation. 


DEATHS. 


sickness. 


- 


Age. 


At 
Each Age. 


In 

Periods. 


' 1 In 

At 


Periods. 


At 
Each Age. 


In Periods. 




Each Age 


Total. 


Per Cent 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


















10 


11 


"^ 
















11 


12 


















12 


13 


... ^ 


10 










. • . * 




13 


14 


3 
















14 


15 


7 
















15 


16 


12^ 










^ 






16 


17 


23 
















17 


18 


56 > 


443 








10-000 > 


15-3000 


0-3453 


18 


19 


113 










36-143 






19 


20 


239 










106-857 






20 


21 


450^" 




n 






344-571" 






21 


22 


798 




5 






615-999 






22 


23 


1236 


6584 


7 > 


44 


0-6682 


975-285 > 


5904-709 


0-8968 


23 


24 


1798 




14 






1720-570 






24 


25 


2402 




17 






2248-284 






25 


26 


3047 ■" 




22" 






2901-427" 






26 


27 


3717 




29 






3720-713 






27 


28 


4395 


21640 


40 ' 


196 


0-9057 


4670-141 ^ 


23100-565 


1-0674 


28 


29 


4972 




47 






5390-713 






29 


30 


5509 




58 






6417-571 






30 


31 


5903' 




62" 






6851-428" 






31 


32 


6130 




57 






7087-000 






32 


33 


6248 


31086 


64 > 


330 


1-0615 


7218-000 \ 


36180-285 


1-1638 


33 


34 


6380 




69 






7381-286 






34 


35 


6425 




78 






Y642-571 






35 


36 


6381" 




80" 






8072-857" 






36 


37 


6271 




81 






8102-571 




' 


37 


38 


6146 


. 30333 


78 > 


383 


1-2626 


8208-714 > 


40876-285 


1-3475 


38 


39 


5878 




74 






8262-714 






39 


40 


5657 




70 






8229-429 






40 


41 


5478" 




76l 






8144-857" 






41 


42 


5329 




84 






8645-428 






42 


43 


5097 


. 25428 


84 


409 


1-6084 


8654-857 


41823-427 


1-6447 


43 


44 


4907 




85 






8366-857 






44 


45 


4617 




80 






8011-428 






45 


46 


4419" 




79" 






7991-428.") 






46 


47 


4006 




74 






7752-428 ( 






47 


48 


3758 


> 18857 


66 


332 


1-7606 


1 7696-285 


38926-425 


2-0642 


48 


49 


3475 




59 






7779-142 






49 


50 


3199 




54^ 






7707-142^ 






50 


' 


1 I 









IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



21 



Table E continued. 



Trades not Classified. — City Districts. — Males. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 


At 
Each Age. 


In 
Periods. 


At 
Each Ag 


Ir 


Period?. 


At 
Each Age. 


• 

In Per 


iods. 




e Total. 


Per Cent. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




51 


29661 




53"! 






7567-428- 






51 


52 


2722 




54 






7303-285 






52 


53 


2460 

2247 


12452 


57 > 


275 


2-2084 


7047-999 


> 35632-710 


2-8616 


53 


54 




58 






6968-999 






54 


55 


2057^ 




53 J 






6744-999 






55 


56 


1847~ 




43 ~ 






6308-571- 






56 


57 


1663 




39 






6149-571 






57 


58 


1494 > 


7459 


32 > 


181 


2-4266 


6051-428 


> 29588-140 


3-9667 


58 


59 


1312 




30 






5772-285 






59 


60 


1143 




37j 






5306-285 






60 


61 


1004^ 




37^ 
34 






5017-570" 






61 


62 


869 








4477-.570 






62 


63 


743 


3823 


31 } 


152 


3-9759 


3938-713 


20236-565 


5-2933 


63 


64 


644 




29 






3471-856 






64 


65 


563 




21 






3330-856 






65 


66 


490~ 




191 






3042-142- 






66 


67 


447 




23 






2789-142 






67 


68 


410 


2027 


26 > 


112 


5-5254 


2736-142 


13813-710 


6-8148 


68 


69 


364 




23 






2645-142 






69 


70 


316 




21 






2601-142 






70 


71 


278^^ 




22-= 






2716-428" 






71 


72 


230 




17 






2890-143 






72 


73 


183 


988 


13 ' 


76 


7-6923 


2821-286 > 


14504-286 


14-6804 


73 


74 


157 




12 






2885-429 






74 


75 


140 




12 






3191-000 






75 


76 


123" 




10" 






3461-857" 






76 


77 


116 




10 






3823-428 






77 


78 


111 } 


525 


12 )■ 


57 


10-8571 


3913-714 > 


17821-427 


33-9455 


78 


79 


97 




13 






3660-428 






79 


80 


981 
59l 




12 






2962-000 






80 


81 




lO' 






2225-000" 






81 


82 


40 




8 






1466-286 






82 


83 


28 } 


166 


5 > 


29 


17-4698 


1037-000 > 


6158-286 


37-0981 


83 


84 


21 




3 






742-000 






84 


85 


18 




3 

31 




- 


688-000 






85 


86 


14- 








550-000" 






86 


87 


10 




2 






372-000 






87 


88 


6 )■ 


34 


2 > 


9 


26-4705 


216-000 - 


1258-000 


37-0000 


ss 


89 


3 




1 






112-000 






89 


&0 


ij 




1^ 






8-000_ 






90 




161855 




2585 




1-5971 


325977-820 




2-0140 





22 



DURATION or LIFE 
Table E conthiued. 
Trades not Classified. — Rural, Town and City Districts. — 3fales. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 




1 




In 


Periods. 


At 


In Pe 


riods. 




At 


In 


At 














Each Age. 


Period?. 


Eai-h Ag 


- Total. 


Per Cent. 


Each Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


65 


65 








30- 


286 


30-286 


0-4659 


10 


11 


139^ 




"^ 






102 


4291 






11 


12 


272 










242 


143 






12 


l'^ 


460 > 


3201 


1 > 


8 


0-2499 


416 


429 


2410-573 


0-7530 


13 


14 


829 




2 






672 


572 






14 


15 


1501 




5 






977 


000 






15 


16 


24721 




17^ 






1763 


857"! 






16 


17 


3761 




28 






2941 


143 






17 


18 


5708 > 


31166 


36 > 


209 


0-6706 


4521 


714 ^ 


25832-141 


0-82^8 


18 


19 


8127 
11098 




55 






6999 


285 






19 


20 




73J 






9603 


142 






20 


21 


14428" 




89l 






12579 


856" 






21 


22 


18103 




120 






15518 


856 






22 


2.3 


21544 > 
24906 


106743 


145 \ 


730 


0-6838 


18288 


427^ 


91419-850 


0-8564 


23 


24 




174 






21162 


284 






24 


2.5 


27762J 
30325" 




202 






23870 


427 






25 


26 




224" 






26454 


856' 






26 


27 


32512 




232 






28540 


570 






27 


28 


34489 > 
35881 


170241 


249 


1242 


0-7295 


31373 


428 


153465-139 


0-9014 


28 


29 




261 






32971 


571 






29 


30 


37034 J 




276 






34124 


714j 






30 


31 


37603" 




289' 






34199 


285' 






31 


32 


37745 




282 






34446 


857 






32 


33 


37469 > 

37720 

37493 


188030 


296 


1498 


0-7966 


34318 


571 


' 173893-855 


0-9248 


33 


34 




308 






34862 


714 






34 


3.5 




323 






36066 


428j 






35 


36 


37216"" 




314' 






37473 


000" 






36 


37 


36684 




331 






38382 


857 






37 


38 


36274 > 
34424- 
32843 
31188" 


177441 


318 > 


1569 


0-8786 


38660 


285 


190179-711 


1-0718 


38 


39 




308 






38070 


856 






39 


40 




298 






37592 


713 J 






40 


41 




303" 






37019 


7131 






41 


42 


29777 




286 






37935 


■998 






42 


43 


28039 . 


142411 


292 


1465 


1-0287 


38294 


856 


191443-567 


1-3443 


43 


44 


27264 




300 






38931 


571 






44 


45 


26143^ 




284 






39261 


429 






45 


46 


25237" 




292' 






39819 


286" 






46 


47 


24070 




303 
293 






39529 


429 






47 


48 


23053 > 

21489 

201361 

18650' 


113985 


. 1433 


1-2571 


38884 


714^ 


195891-714 


1-7185 


48 


49 




270 






38762 


714 1 






49 


50 




275 






38895 


571J 






50 


51 




264"^ 






38535 


856"! 






51 


52 


17299 




267 






37512 


999 
571 






52 


53 


15943 > 

i,-;o6i 

14178j 


81131 


275 } 
284 


1364 


1-6812 


37505 


188482-281 


2-3231 


53 


54 








37463 


856 






54 


.^5 




274J 






37463-999J 






55 




1 




[ 






1 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 

Table E continued. 
Trades not Classified — Rltial, Towii and City Disteicts. — Males. 



23 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 


1 




Ir 


Periods. 


In Periods. 




At 


In 


At 






At 








Each Age 


in 

Periods. 


EachAg 


e Total. 


Per Cent. 


Ea<;h Age. Total. 


Per Annum. 




56 


132841 




276"] 






37564-714^ 






56 


57 


12456 




266 






37968-428 






57 


58 


11593 


> 57126 


255 


' 1271 


2-2249 


38306-999 


' 187222-283 


3-2773 


58 


59, 


10436 




242 






37520-857 






59 


60 


9357 
8395' 




232 






35861-285 






60 


61 




212 






34367-142' 






61 


62 


7452 




213 






34167-285 






62 


63 


6624 


■ 34173 


203 


■ 1000 


2 9262 


35805-285 


■ 187894-567 


5-4983 


63 


64 


6093 




191 






39753-999 






64 


65 


5609 




I81J 






43800-856 






65 


66 


5162^ 




isr 






47358-999' 






66 


67 


4767 




188 






49621-571 






67 


68 


4380 


• 21655 


197 ) 


972 


4-4885 


49702-867 


■ 240976-141 


11-1279 


68 


69 


3899 




198 






47978-714 






69 


70 


3447 




208 






46314-000 






70 


71 


2996°' 




201' 






45195-285' 






71 


72 


2571 




175 






43579-142 






72 


73 


2203 


11420 


156 


810 


7-0928 


41958-999 


210195-995 


18-4059 


73 


74 


1944 




146 






40494-713 






74 


75 


1706 




I32J 






38967-856 






75 


76 


1500* 




i2r 






36.389-571' 






76 


77 


1307 




105 






33646-999 






77 


78 


1136 


5626 


95 > 


479 


8-5140 


30293-856 > 


146594-853 


26-0566 


78 


79 


931 




83 






25624-428 






79 


80 


752 




75) 
64 






20639-999 






80 


81 


5991 








16423-570' 






81 


82 


480 




62 






13138-856 






82 


83 


372 


2002 


51 > 


252 


12-5874 


10460-428 > 


56589-711 


28-2665 


83 


84 


305 




44 






8838-571 






84 


85 


246 J 




31 






7728-286_^ 






85 


86 


20 r 




271 






6654-715 






86 


87 


152 




19 






5138-429 






87 


88 


117 \ 


609 


16 > 


83 


13-6289 


3820-714 > 


19788-857 


32-4940 


88 


89 


83 




12 






2600-571 






89 


90 


56 




9 






1574-428 






90 


91 


34' 




4' 






933-428"" 






91 


92 


23 




1 






576-286 






92 


93 


14 > 


90 


... > 


5 


5-5555 


274-715 > 


2067-400 


22-9714 


93 


94 


11 










170-572. 






94 


95 


8 










112-429 






95 


96 


6' 










52-286' 






96 


97 


5 
















97 


98 


5 ► 


25 






... 


> 


52-286 


2-0914 


98 


99 


5 
















99 


100 


4 

















100 


101 


3 


3 


... 












101 




1147143! 


14390 1 1 


1-2544 


2264431-240 


1-9740 ! 



24 DURAtlON OF LIFE 

ineiit, ill the three districts referred to; Those three districts were next combined, to give 
the general results for that trade -wdthout regard to locality. A second trade was taken up 
in the like manner, and carried through precisely the same steps, and so also were 
other trades until all were exliausted. The totals of the various trades in the Piural 
Districts were then combined, giving the general results for that district -without regard to 
occupation, and so on with each of the other districts ; and the combination of these last three 
gave of course the general results, Avithout regard to either trade or locality. 

All the possible combinations of those elements of the data being thus made, the next 
step was to exliibit the results in a convenient fonn, from which to make useful deductions. 
Tables were therefore formed, shemng the total number of persons, at every year of 
life over which the observations extend — the number of deaths among them yearly — and 
the amount of sickness yearly, expressed in weeks and decimals of a week. In the same 
Tables are also given the same facts for quinquennial periods of hfe, also the rate of 
mortality per cent., and the average amount of sickness per annum to each person. 

As these observations extend over upwards of 400 different trades or occupations, the 
examination of each under the varied combinations described would involve the considera- 
tion of so immense a number of Tables, as would evidently pei'plex the present inquiry. 
Such only will therefore be brotight forward as seem to bear distinctly on the more imme- 
diate question. What is the influence of Locality on Health and on the Duration of Life? 

Table E, one of the class just referred to, will be useful in pointing out the distinction 
in the rates of Moitality in quinquennial periods of life, between the Male Population in 
the Rural, Town and City Districts, and for minute purposes of detAil vriR no doubt atford 
many interesting illustrations ; but on the present occasion a moi'e extended and general 
\\v\y of the results is necessary, and an inspection of Table F -will therefore be of more 
importance, This Talile is formed from Table E, in precisely the sane manner that Table 
C was formed from Table B. On inspection of the results under tlie head " Rural Districts," 
it will be seen that the highest Specific Intensit}" is attained at the youngest ages in the 
Table, and that it decreases iip to Age 20, from which Age up till 31 it increases, and 
then decreases gradually till near the extreme of life. A comparison of the Specific 
Intensity as given in this Tal)le, mth the general result for the Male Population in England 
and Wales as set forth in Table G, mU shew a higher intensity of life through the -whole 
range of the Table, mamtaining at the same time a very remarkable parallelism. 

It will l)e seen that the Specific Intensity 

At age 20 in Table C is as high as at Age 39 in Table F (Rural Districts) 

„ 40 „ „ ■ 50 

[An approximating 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



25 



Table F 
Trades not Classified — Rural Districts — Males. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


230 


•230 


434^783 


56 


69171 


1199 


1-734 


57^676 


11 


99770 




•230 


434^783 


57 


67972 


1246 


1-833 


54-555 


12 


99541 


249 


•250 


400^000 


58 


66726 


1293 


1-937 


51-626 


13 


99292 


289 


•291 


343^643 


59 


05433 


1339 


2-046 


48-876 


It 


99003 


349 


•353 


283-286 


60 


64094 


1384 


2-160 


46-296 


\5 


98654 


429 


•435 


229-885 


61 


62710 


1429 


2-279 


43-879 


16 


98225 


527 


•537 


186-212 


62 


61281 


1495 


2-439 


41-004 


17 


97698 


005 


•619 


16h551 


63 


59786 


1578 


2-640 


37-879 


18 


97093 


060 


•680 


147^059 


64 


58208 


1678 


2-882 


34-698 


19 


96433 


694 


•720 


138^890 


65 


56530 


1789 


3-165 


31-596 


20 


95739 


708 


•739 


135-318 


66 


54741 


1910 


3-489 


28-661 


21 


95031 


700 


•737 


135^685 


67 


52831 


2028 


3-839 


26-048 


22 


94331 


692 


•734 


136^240 


68 


50803 


2141 


4-215 


23-725 


23 


93639 


685 


•731 


136^799 


69 


48662 


2246 


4-616 


21-664 


21. 


92954 


676 


•727 


137^552 


70 


46416 


2341 


5-044 


19-825 


25 


92278 


667 


•723 


138^313 


71 


44075 


2423 


5-498 


18-188 


26 


91611 


659 


•719 


139-082 


72 


41652 


2466 


5-921 


1 0^889 


27 


90952 


650 


•715 


139-860 


73 


39186 


2474 


6-314 


15-838 


28 


90302 


643 


•712 


140^449 


74 


36712 


24.52 


6-678 


14-974 


29 


89659 


637 


•711 


140-647 


75 


34260 


2402 


7-012 


14-261 


30 


89022 


033 


•711 


140.647 


76 


31858 


2330 


7-315 


13-670 


31 


88389 


628 


•711 


140-647 


77 


29528 


2283 


7-730 


12-936 


32 


87761 


627- 


•714 


140-056 


78 


27245 


2250 


8-257 


12-111 


m 


87134 


626 


•719 


139-082 


79 


24995 


2223 


8-894 


11-243 


34 


86508 


628 


•726 


137-741 


80 


22772 


2196 


9-644 


10-369 


35 


85880 


632 


•736 


135-870 


81 


20576 


2153 


10-464 


9-560 


m 


85248 


637 


•747 


1.33-869 


82 


18423 


2035 


1 1 -045 


9-057 


37 


84611 


642 


•759 


131-752 


83 


16388 


1866 


11-387 


8-779 


38 


83969 


648 


•772 


129-534 


84 


14522 


1669 


11-490 


8-703 


39 


83321 


Q5S 


•784 


127-551 


85 


12853 


1459 


11-353 


8-810 


40 


82668 


659 


•797 


125-470 


86 


11394 


1255 


11-017 


9-074 


41 


82009 


664 


•810 


123-457 


87 


10139 


1127 


1M15 


9-001 


42 


81345 


674 


•828 


120-773 


88 


9012 


1064 


11-809 


8-467 


43 


80671 


687 


•852 


117-371 


89 


7948 


1041 


13-100 


7-633 


44 


79984 


704 


•880 


113^636 


90 


6907 


1023 


14-809 


6-752 


45 


79280 


725 


•914 


109-409 


91 


5884 


1018 


17-314 


5-777 


46 


78555 


749 


•953 


104-931 


92 


4866 


982 


20-173 


4-958 


47 


77806 


779 


1001 


99^900 


93 


3884 


912 


23-476 


4-261 


48 


77027 


816 


1-059 


94^429 


94 


2972 


821 


27-625 


3-621 


49 


76211 


857 


M25 


88^889 


65 


2151 


706 


32-826 


3-046 


50 


75354 


904 


1-200 


83-333 


96 


1445 


565 


39-132 


2-555 


51 


74450 


956 


1^284 


77-882 


97 


880 


386 


47-046 


2-125 


52 


73494 


1007 


h370 


72-993 


98 


494 


285 


57-777 


1-731 


53 


72487 


1057 


1^458 


68-587 


99 


209 


138 


66-037 


1-514 


54 


71430 


1106 


h548 


64-599 


100 


71 


71 


85-000 


1-176 


55 


70324 


1153 


1-640 


60-976 













26 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table F continued. 
Trades not Classified. — Towxs. — Males. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Alortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortal ily 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


275 


•275 


363-636 


56 


65638 


1().j7 


2-524 


39-620 


11 


9<)725 


274 


•275 


363^636 


57 


63981 


1712 


2-723 


36-724 


12 


99451 


283 


•285 


350^877 


58 


62239 


1815 


2-916 


31-294 


13 


99168 


303 


•306 


326-797 


59 


60424. 


1871 


3-097 


32-289 


14 


98S65 


333 


•337 


296-736 


60 


58553 


1916 


3-273 


30-553 


15 


98532 


373 


•379 


263^852 


61 


liiiGiil 


1948 


3-1.10 


29-036 


16 


98159 


424 


•432 


231-481 


62 


54689 


19.90 


3-(i39 


27-180 


17 


97735 


462 


•473 


2ir416 


6\i 


52699 


2039 


3-8()8 


25-853 


18 


97273 


491 


•505 


198^020 


64 


50660 


2091 


4^128 


24-225 


19 


96782 


508 


•525 


190^476 


65 


48569 


2146 


4^418 


22-635 


20 


96274 


515 


•535 


186-916 


66 


46423 


2130 


4^739 


21-101 


21 


95759 


512 


•535 


186-916 


67 


44293 


2294 


5-180 


19-305 


22 


95247 


516 


•540 


185-185 


68 


41999 


2412 


5-712 


17-415 


23 


94731 


523 


•552 


18M59 


69 


39587 


25 14 


6-125 


15-564 


24 


94208 


538 


•571 


175-131 


70 


37043 


2(i78 


7-228 


13-835 


25 


93670 


557 


•595 


168-067 


71 


34365 


2801 


8-1.52 


12-267 


2G 


93113 


583 


•626 


159^744 


72 


31564 


2805 


8^888 


11-251 


27 


92530 


607 


•656 


152-439 


73 


28759 


2713 


9-135 


10-599 


28 


91923 


630 


•()85 


145^985 


74 


26046 


2.J51 


9-794 


10-210 


29 


91293 


651 


•713 


140-252 


75 


23495 


2341 


9-964 


1().0.3{J 


30 


90612 


671 


•740 


135-135 


76 


21154 


2101 


9 946 


10.054. 


31 


89971 


689 


•766 


130-548 


77 


19050 


1912 


1 0^037 


9-960 


32 


89282 


705 


•790 


126-582 


78 


17138 


1754 


10-235 


9-775 


m 


88577 


718 


•811 


1 23^305 


79 


15384 


1622 


10.,542 


9-488 


34 


878.59 


729 


•830 


120-482 


80 


13762 


l,-)08 


10-957 


9.121 


35 


87130 


738 


•84.7 


118-064 


81 


12254 


1407 


11-181 


8.711 


36 


86392 


744 


•861 


116-141. 


82 


10847 


1326 


12-227 


8-176 


37 


85648 


754 


•880 


113.636 


83 


9521 


12.56 


13-196 


7581 


38 


84894 


766 


•902 


110.865 


84 


8265 


1189 


14-388 


6*949 


39 


81428 


782 


■929 


107 643 


85 


7076 


1118 


15-802 


6*329 


40 


83346 


800 


•9()0 


104-167 


86 


5958 


1036 


17-439 


5*734 


41 


82546 


821 


994 


100-603 


87 


4922 


956 


19-420 


5-149 


42 


81725 


847 


r037 


96-432 


88 


3966 


864 


21-746 


4-598 


43 


8087S 


880 


1'088 


91-912 


89 


3102 


757 


24-415 


4-097 


44 


79998 


918 


n47 


87-184 


90 


2315 


643 


27-428 


3-646 


45 


79080 


959 


1"213 


82-440 


91 


1702 


524 


30-785 


3-249 


46 


78121 


1008 


r290 


77-519 


92 


1178 


396 


33-584 


2-978 


47 


77113 


10.56 


r369 


73^046 


93 


782 


280 


35-829 


2-791 


48 


76057 


1104 


r452 


68^871 


94 


502 


188 


37-518 


2-665 


49 


74953 


1152 


r537 


65^062 


95 


311 


123 


39-287 


2-545 


50 


73801 


1201 


r627 


61-463 


96 


191 


78 


40-995 


2-439 


51 


72600 


1248 


1*719 


58-174 


97 


113 


49 


43-643 


2-292 


.')2 


71352 


1309 


r835 


54-496 


98 


64 


83 


50-913 


1 -96 1 


53 


70013 


1382 


1*973 


50-684 


99 


31 


16 


51-307 


1-948 


54 


68661 


1465 


2*134 


.1.(rS60 


100 


15 


15 


75-000 


1-333 


55 


67196 


1.5,58 


2-318 


43^1M 













IX VARIOUS CLASSES. 



27 



Table F continued. 
Trades not Classieied Cities. — Males. 



Ages. 


Lhing. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Livinf;. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 




10 


100000 


396 


•3961 


252-525 


56 


58620 


1371 


2-3393 


42-753 




11 


99604 


395 


•3961 


252-525 


57 


57249 


1395 


2-4361 


41-051 




12 


99209 


401 


•4038 


247-525 


58 


55854 


1445 


2-5863 


38-669 




13 


98808 


'414 


•4193 


238-664 


59 


54409 


1518 


2-7896 


35-842 




14 


98394 


435 


•4426 


2-25^734 


60 


52891 


1611 


3-0463 


32-830 




15 


97959 


464 


•4736 


210-971 


61 


51280 


1721 


3-3561 


29-797 




16 


97495 


499 


•5123 


195-313 


62 


49559 


1817 


3-6660 


27-278 




17 


96996 


545 


•5511 


181-488 


63 


47742 


1898 


3-9759 


25-151 




18 


96451 


569 


•5900 


169-492 


64 


45844 


1965 


4-2858 


23-332 




19 


95882 


596 


•6212 


161-031 


65 


43879 


2017 


4-5957 


21-758 




20 


95286 


614 


•6446 


155-039 


66 


41862 


2054 


4-9056 


20-383 




21 


94672 


627 


•6603 


151-512 


67 


39808 


2086 


5-2402 


19-084 




22 


94045 


637 


•6777 


147-493 


68 


37722 


2112 


5^5995 


17-860 




23 


93408 


651 


•6967 


143-472 


69 


35610 


2131 


5^9832 


16^714 




24 


92757 


673 


•7252 


137-931 


70 


33479 


2140 


6^3921 


15^644 




25 


92084 


703 


•7632 


131-062 


71 


31339 


2139 


6^8255 


14^652 




26 


91181 


739 


•8107 


123-305 


72 


29200 


2131 


7^2988 


13^701 




27 


90442 


770 


•8509 


117-509 


73 


27069 


2115 


7-8120 


12-801 




28 


89672 


793 


•8839 


113-122 


74 


24954 


2087 


8-3651 


11-954 




29 


88879 


808 


•9095 


110-011 


75 


22867 


2049 


8-9582 


11-163 




30 


88071 


817 


•9280 


107-759 


76 


20818 


1997 


9-5911 


10-426 




31 


87254 


837 


•9591 


104-275 


77 


18821 


1950 


10-3620 


9-652 




32 


86417 


8G1 


•9961 


100-402 


78 


16871 


1902 


11-2708 


8-873 




33 


85556 


889 


1^0389 


96-246 


79 


14969 


1844 


12-3175 


8-117 




34 


84667 


921 


1-0875 


91-996 


80 


13125 


1772 


13-5021 


7-407 




35 


83746 


956 


M419 


87-564 


81 


11353 


1675 


14-8247 


6^748 




36 


82790 


979 


M821 


84-602 


82 


9678 


1572 


16-2427 


6-158 




37 


81811 


1005 


r2281 


81-433 


83 


8106 


1439 


17-7563 


5-631 




38 


80806 


1035 


1^2799 


78-125 


84 


6667 


1291 


19^3654 


5-165 




39 


79771 


1067 


r3375 


74-794 


85 


5376 


1133 


21-0700 


4-746 




40 


78704 


1103 


r4009 


71-377 


86 


4243 


970 


22-8702 


4-373 




41 


77601 


1141 


1^4700 


68-027 


87 


3273 


812 


24-7975 


4-032 




42 


76460 


1171 


r5314 


65-360 


88 


2461 


661 


26-8519 


3-724 




43 


75289 


1193 


1-5851 


63-092 


89 


1800 


523 


29-0335 


3-445 




44 


74096 


1209 


1-0310 


61-312 


90 


1277 


400 


31-3423 


3-191 




45 


72887 


1217 


]^6692 


59-916 


91 


877 


296 


33'7782 


2-960 




46 


71670 


1218 


1-6997 


58-823 


92 


581 


208 


35-8437 


2-790 




47 


70452 


1227 


1-7419 


57-405 


93 


373 


140 


37-5389 


2-664 




48 


69225 


1243 


1^7960 


55-679 


94 


233 


91 


38-8636 


» 2-573 




49 


67982 


1266 


1^8619 


53-706 


m 


142 


57 


39-8180 


2-511 




50 


66716 


1294 


1-9397 


51-546 I 


96 


85 


34 


40.4020 


£-475 




51 


65422 


1328 


2-0292 


49-285 


97 


51 


22 


44-1099 


2-267 




52 


64094 


1352 


2-1096 


47-393 1 


98 


29 


15 


51-1463 


1-955 




53 


62742 


1368 


2-1808 


45-851 ! 


99 


14 


8 


51-3067 


1-949 




54 


61374 


1377 


2-2428 


44-583 


100 


6 


6 


75 '0000 


1-333 




55 


59997 


1377 


2-2956 


43-554 















28 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table F contiiiued. 
Tkades not Classified. — Rural, Toato and City Districts. — Males. 



Ages. 


Living. 


D^ing:. 


Moriiilitv. 
per Cent. 


Specific. 1 
Intensity, j 


Ages. 


Living. 


D\ ing. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


250 


•2499 


4O0^000 


56 


66509 


1335 


2-0074 


49-825 


11 


99750 


249 


•24.99 


400-000 


57 


65174 


1383 


2-1224 


47-125 


12 


99501 


265 


•2667 


374^532 


58 


63791 


1131 


2-2AS1 


44-563 


13 


99236 


298 


•3004 


?)S?r333 


59 


62360 


1479 


2-3714 


42-176 


14 


98938 


347 


■3508 


284-900 1 


60 


60881 


1525 


2-5054 


39-920 


15 


98591 


412 


•4181 


239-234. ' 


61 


^mm 


1570 


2-6456 


37-793 


16 


98179 


493 


•5022 


199-203 


()2 


57786 


1630 


2-8203 


35-401 


17 


97086 


557 


•5701 


175-439 


63 


56156 


1701 


3-0295 


33-014 


18 


97129 


604 


•0216 


160-771 


64 


54455 


1782 


3-2730 


30^553 


19 


96525 


634 


•6568 


152^207 


65 


52673 


1871 


3-5511 


28^161 


20 


95891 


648 


•6758 


147^929 


66 


50802 


1903 


s-mso 


25^887 


21 


95243 


64(5 


•6785 


147^493 


67 


48839 


2060 


4-2177 


23-708 


22 


94597 


646 


•6824 


146-628 


68 


46779 


2158 


4-6135 


21-673 


23 


93951 


646 


•6876 


145-349 


(J9 


44621 


2254 


5-0509 


19-798 


24 


93305 


648 


•6942 


144^092 


70 


42367 


2343 


5-5301 


18-083 


25 


92657 


650 


•7020 


142^450 


71 


40024 


2422 


6-0510 


16-526 


26 


92007 


654 


•7112 


140^647 


72 


37602 


2453 


6-5246 


15-326 


27 


91353 


659 


•7212 


138-696 


73 


35149 


2443 


6-9508 


14-386 


28 


90694 


664 


•7320 


136-612 


74 


32706 


2397 


7-3296 


13-643 


29 


OOOb'O 


670 


•7437 


134-409 


75 


30309 


2322 


7-6612 


13-053 


30 


893(;0 


676 


•7563 


132-275 


76 


27987 


2224 


7-9455 


12-586 


31 


88684 


683 


•7697 


129-870 


77 


25763 


2148 


8-3358 


11-996 


32 


88001 


()90 


•7837 


127-551 


78 


23615 


2086 


8-8322 


11-322 


SS 


87311 


697 


•7983 


125-313 


79 


21529 


2031 


9-4347 


10-598 


34 


86614 


705 


•8136 


122-850 ' 


80 


19498 


1982 


10-1433 


9-862 


35 


85909 


713 


'8294 


120-627 ■ 


81 


17516 


1919 


10-9580 


9-124 


SG 


85196 


721 


•8458 


118-203 


82 


15597 


1817 


11-6514 


8-584 


37 


84475 


731 


•8649 


115-607 


83 


13780 


Hi84 


12-2236 


8-183 


38 


83744 


743 


•8868 


1 12-740 


84 


12096 


1533 


12-6744 


7-893 


39 


83001 


756 


•9113 


109-769 


85 


10563 


1374 


13-0040 


7-692 


40 


82245 


772 


•9386 


106-496 


86 


9189 


1214 


13-2123 


7-570 


41 


81473 


789 


•9686 


103-199 


87 


7975 


1118 


14-0171 


7-138 


42 


80684 


808 


hOOlS 


99-001 


88 


6857 


1057 


15-4183 


6-485 


43 


79876 


829 


1-0380 


96-339 


89 


5800 


1010 


17-4160 


^•740 


44< 


79047 


852 


10775 


92-850 


90 


4790 


958 


20-0102 


4-997 


45 


78195 


876 


M200 


89-286 


91 


3832 


889 


23-2008 


4-310 


46 


77319 


901 


M657 


85-763 


92 


2943 


783 


26-5925 


3-7(il 


47 


76418 


932 


\-2W2 


81-967 


93 


2160 


644 


29-8333 


3-352 


48 


75486 


967 


1^2806 


78-064 , 


94 


1516 


501 


33-0399 


3-289 


49 


74519 


1006 


1^3497 


74-074 


95 


1015 


369 


36-3588 


2-750 


50 


73513 


1049 


1^4207 


70-077 


96 


64.() 


256 


39-6498 


2-522 


51 


72164 


1095 


1^5115 


66-137 


97 


390 


176 


45-1555 


2-215 


52 


71369 


1143 


1^6011 


62-461 


98 


214 


113 


52-9127 


l-8i)0 


53 


70226 


1191 


1-6955 


58-997 1 


99 


101 


62 


61-3067 


1-631 


54 


69035 


1239 


1-7947 


55-710 


100 


39 


39 


75-0000 


1-333 


55 


6779(i 


12S7 


1 -8986 


52-659 













IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



29 



An approximating value taking place up to about this period, after which they again diverge 
to near the extreme of life. 

The population existing at Age 10 in Table C is halved between ages 62-3 ; while in 
Table F (Rural Districts) the same result is not determined till ages 68-9 ; — shewing 
under this aspect a superior vitahty of six years. 

If the results in Table F for the To-wn Districts be now inspected, it will be seen that 
the Specific intensity decreases in a regular series, from the beginning to the extreme of the 
Table. It will also appear that the Specific Intensity is higher than Male Life in Table 
C up to Age 52, and from that to age 76 it is less. From the latter age to the extreme of 
life, they cross each other. The following are the ages at which 'the corresponding Specific 
Intensities in both Tables are nearly equal. 



Age 20 in C corresponds with Age 31 in F (Town Districts) 
30 „ „ 41 



?5 



40 
.50 
60 
70 
80 



5) 
1) 
55 



4.5 

50 

58 
68 

82 



In Table F (Town Districts) it will be seen that half the population disappears between 
ages 64-5' and it has been shewn that in Table C the same result takes place at ages 62-3. 
Turning next to the results for the City Districts in Table F, it will be seen that 
the Specific Intensity decreases from the earliest age to the other extreme of the Table, in 
a uniform series. In this Table it will also appear, that from the age of 10 to 33 there is 
a higher Specific Intensity than in Table C ; and from 33 to the extreme of life, the Specific 
Intensity m the City Districts of Table F is less than in the Male Life of Table C, which 
represents the general results for England and Wales. The following wiU shew the ages 
corresponding to equal specific intensities in both Tables : — 



Age 20 m C corresponds nearly with age 25 m F (City Districts) 



30 

40 
50 
60 
70 

80 



33 
37 
46 
59 
69 
79 



Half of the' population, it will be seen in Table F (City Districts), has died oiF between the 

I 



30 DURATION OF LIFE 

ages of 61 and 62, ■wMle among Males in England and Wales that happened at ages 62 and 
63; bemg in this instance one yeai' in favour of the Table for the General Results of the 
Country. 

Taking a view of the three Districts respectively, as given in Table F, in conjunction 
with Table C, it will be seen that there is 

A higher Specific Intensity in the Rural Districts up to the extreme of life, than in Table C, 
„ „ To\vn Districts up to the Age of 52 „ 

» 5j City ,, „ ,, 33 ,, 

From this it would appear, that the lower the age of equal Specific Intensity, the worse 
the class of Hves to which it refers. Another comparison of these three classes of results 
Avith Table C will shew the following series of Differences for the corresponding ages of 
Equal Specific Intensity: — 



Age. 


Rural Districts. 


Town Districts. 


City 


Districts 


20 


19 


11 




5 


30 


17 


11 




3 


40 


10 


5 




3 


50 


5 







4 


60 


3 


— 2 





1 


70 


1 


2 





1 



Sums ofthe series of differences 55 23 5 

This arrangement of the rhiferences of corresponding periods of equal Specific Intensity 
also points out a gradual approximation to lower nmnbers, moving from the Rural to- 
wards the City Districts. And a third illustration of the same fact wiU be found m 
comparing the periods at which the equation of fife is found for age 10. It is found in — 

Table C F— Eural Districts. F— Town Districts. F— City Districts. 

At Ages 62—3 68—9 64—5 61—2 

dilF. 6 years. 2 years. — 1 year. 

As before stated, the illustrations dra-^i from the Specific Intensity must be understood 
to have reference to the identical periods only of Hfe at which the comparisons 
are made, and not to the absolute value of life in any of the classes. It will, how- 
ever, at all times, be found unportant to keep m view the specific intensity of such 
Tables, as it affords the readiest means to discover those periods at which any peculiar 
change or diiFerence in the condition of hfe is taking place. Various chseases have 
a maximum or minimmn efiect in destroying life at certain periods ; and if a change 
to a higher specific intensity were found to take place at any given period, the diseases 
pecuhar to that period should be falling from tlieir maximum towards the minimum. 



IX VARIOUS CLASSES. 



31 



In the tliree Districts now under consideration, it was found that in all except 
one, the Specific Intensity unifonnly decreased from the begmnmg to the end of the 
Table ; but in the Eural Districts the Specific Intensity was found to increase from 
ages 20-31. Some change, either in the Rural Districts, or uniformly in the two 
others, must therefore have taken place in the causes aftecting the duration of life at 
that period ; and if the nature of this paper led to an examination of the diseases gene- 
rally prevalent at the same period, the probability is that Consumption and Diseases 
of the Chest would be found less malignant at that term of life, in relation to the 
preceding and subsequent periods of life, in the Rural than in either the To-^vn or City 
Districts. 

The next arrangement of the data to which reference wiU be made, is the Expec- 
tation of Life. This mode of expressing the Duration of Life is certainly that wliich 
is of the most interest to society ; for it points out the average number of years 
which one member of the community with another participates in the pleasures and 
cares of life. The Expectation of Life is often confounded with the chance of living 
an equivalent number of years ; but the distmction will be subsequently explained. 

In Table G will be found the Expectation of Life for each of the three districts, 
and also the General Results for those three combined. A comjiarison of the expec- 
tation under the head " Rural Districts," with the expectation for Males in England and 
Wales, as given in Table D, will shew a much higher A'alue of life in the Rural 
Districts throughout the whole range of the Table. At age 10 the diiference is 5-5 
years in favor of the Rural Districts, at 30 it is 4'3 years, and at 60 the difference 
is 2'1 years. The followng arrangement of the results of the two tables, at decennial 
periods, wiU convey a general idea of their relative values of life : — 



Age. 


EXPECTATION. 


Difference in favour of the Rural District?. 


Rural Districts. 


England & Wales. 


In Years. 


Per Cent. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


45.3550 
38.4073 
30.9724 
23.4700 
16.6524 
10.9124 


40.6910 
34.0990 • 
27.4760 
20.8463 
14.5854 
9.2176 


4.6640 
4.3083 
3.4964 
2.6237 
2.0670 
1.6918 


11.162 
11.191 

12.725 
12.585 
14.171 
1S..386 



A comparison of the results for the Town Districts, will shew a superior ex- 
pectation up to Age 3.5, after which period the expectation is in favour of Male Life, 
in the General Talkie for England and Wales. The following Abstract shews the results 
for decennial periods. 

[The Expectation 



32 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table G. 
Expectation — Trabes not Classified. — Males. 





Rmnl 


Town 


City 


Rural, Town, 




RuriU 


Town 


City 


I^ural, Town, 


Ages. 


Districts, 


Districts. 


Districts. 


^•CityDistricts 


Ages, 


Districts. 


Districts. 


Districts. 


^CityDistricts 


10 


53-2581 


50-5373 


47-9129 


51-8097 


56 


19-2867 


16-0651 


16-2599 


18-2005 


11 


52-3797 


49-6753 


47-1014 


50-9383 


57 


18-6181 


15-4682 


15- 


6373 


17-5630 


12 


51-4638 


48-8108 


46-2870 


50-0646 


58 


17-9163 


14-8871 


15 


0154 


16-9330 


13 


50-6269 


47-9486 


45-4728 


49-1969 


59 


17-.3014 


14-3193 


14 


4009 


16-3101 


14 


49-7733 


47-0<)41 


44-6620 


48-3436 


60 


16-6524 


13-7608 


13 


7685 


15-6942 


15 


48-9480 


46-2515 


43-8482 


47-5120 


61 


16-0089 


13-2095 


13 


2177 


15-0845 


16 


48-1593 


45-4254 


43-0645 


46-7093 


62 


15-3705 


12-6622 


12 


6593 


14-4808 


17 


47-4163 


44-6203 


42-28.34 


45-9425 


63 


14-7424 


12-1215 


12 


1221 


13-8866 


18 


46-7086 


43-8298 


41-5195 


45-2031 


64 


14-1284 


11-5892 


11 


6033 


13-3047 


19 


46-0249 


43-0496 


40-76.30 


44-4828 


65 


13-53.30 


11-0666 


11 


1005 


12-7379 


20 


45-3550 


42-2742 


40-0148 


43-7736 


66 


12-9589 


10-5551 


10 


6113 


12-1886 


21 


44-6890 


41-4988 


39-2711 


43-0680 


67 


12-4093 


10-0386 


10 


1330 


11-6585 


22 


44-0170 


40-7192 


38-5295 


42-3587 


68 


11-8847 


9-5596 


9 


6657 


11-1498 


23 


43-3385 


39-9383 


37-7889 


41-6465 


69 


11-3856 


9-1116 


9 


2093 


10-6649 


24 


42-6543 


39-1572 


37-0506 


40-9314 


70 


10-9124 


8-70.30 


8 


7636 


10-2057 


25 


41-9631 


38 5540 


36-3177 


40-2141 


71 


10-4654 


8-3423 


8 


3279 


9-7739 


v26 


41-2649 


37-6059 


35-6725 


39-4947 


72 


10-0451 


8 0382 


7 


9013 


9-3712 


27 


40-5603 


36-8396 


34-9598 


38-7739 


73 


9-6458 


7-7735 


7 


4840 


8-9903 


28 


39-8486 


36-0796 


34-2557 


38-0520 


74 


9-2622 


7-5311 


7 


0759 


8-6245 


29 


39-1308 


35-3251 


33-5569 


37-3289 


75 


8-8893 


7-2944 


6 


6761 


8-2670 


30 


38-4073 


34-5753 


32-8603 


36-6051 


76 


8-5218 


7-0463 


6 


2840 


7-9114 


31 


37-6787 


33-8294 


.32-1632 


35-8803 


77 


8-1548 


6-7694 


5 


8977 


7-5512 


32 


36-9448 


33-0866 


31-4698 


35-1549 


78 


7-7962 


6-4688 


5 


5216 


7-1926 


33 


36-3078 


32-3460 


30-7815 


34-4288 


79 


7-45.30 


6-1493 


5 


1596 


6-8411 


34 


35-4654 


31-6062 


30-0995 


33-7018 


80 


7-1317 


5-8152 


4 


8143 


6-5016 


35 


34-7211 


.30-8663 


29-4251 


.32-9742 


81 


6-8395 


5-4693 


4 


4877 


6-1807 


36 


3 3-9748 


30-1259 


28-7590 


32-2460 


82 


6-5804 


5-1139 


4 


1778 


5-8796 


37 


33-2268 


29-3832 


28-0972 


31-5170 


83 


6-3354 


4-7565 


3 


8911 


5-5889 


38 


32-4771 


28-6398 


27-4404 


30-7877 


84 


6-0853 


4-4033 


3 


6230 


5-2975 


39 


31-7257 


27-8960 


26-7900 


30-0589 


85 


5-8105 


4-0592 


3 


37.30 


4-9937 


40 


30-9724 


27-1530 


26-0873 


29-3306 


86 


5-4905 


3-7271 


3 


1401 


4-6652 


41 


30-2173 


26-4113 


25-5109 


28-6037 


87 


5-1082 


3-4063 


2 


9226 


4-2997 


42 


29-4598 


25-6716 


24-8841 


27-8786 


88 


4-6845 


3-1069 


2 


7219 


39193 


43 


28-7018 


24-9353 


24-2634 


27-i555 


89 


4-2447 


2-8330 


2 


5378 


3-5424 


44 


27-9440 


24-2041 


23-6460 


26-4351 


90 


3-8091 


2-5861 


2 


3724 


3-1839 


45 


27-1880 


23-4264 


23-0299 


25-7177 


91 


3-3844 


2-3743 


2 


2263 


2-8549 


46 


26-4340 


22-7613 


22-4125 


25-0034 


92 


2-9879 


2-2080 


2 


1059 


2-5663 


47 


25-6837 


22-0523 


21-7913 


24-2923 


93 


2-6169 


2-0729 


2 


0013 


2-3153 


48 


24-5489 


21-3515 


21-1687 


23-5860 


94 


2-2665 


1-9502 




9034 


2-0864 


49 


24-2000 


20-6123 


20-5466 


22-8856 


95 


1-9394 


1-8184 




8028 


1-8694 


50 


23-4700 


19-9733 


19-9271 


22-1920 


96 


1-6446 


1-6675 




6765 


1-6517 


51 


22-7485 


19-2955 


19-3113 


21-5060 


97 


1-3795 


1-4734 




4607 


1-4077 


52 


22-0379 


18-6242 


18-7011 


20 8282 


98 


1-0668 


1-2187 




1896 


1-1542 


53 


21-3371 


17-9629 


18-0933 


20-1591 


99 


-8476 


-9772 




9285 


•8861 


54 


206484 


17-3144 


17-4464 


19-4983 


100 


•5000 


•5000 


•5000 


•5000 


55 


19-9623 


16-6810 


16-8753 


18-8455 













IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



33 



Age. 


EXPECTATION. 


Difference in Favour of 


Town Districts. 

1 


England and Wales. 


Town Districts. 


England & Wales. 


In Years- 


Per Cent. 


In Years. 


Per Cent. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


42.2742 

34.5753 
27.1530 
19.9733 
13.7608 
8.7030 


40.6910 
34.0990 
27.4760 
20.8463 
14.5854 
9.2176 


1. 5832 
0.4763 


3.888 
1.397 




0.3230 
0.8730 
0.8246 
0.5146 


1.176 

4.188 
5.653 

.5.582 

















The Expectation of Life in the City Districts will be found to be less than in Table D, 
from age 12 upwards. At 20 the difference is '68 years, at 40 it is 1-39 years, and 
at 60 the difference is "82 years in favour of the general value of Male Life m Table D. 
The following gives a comparative view of both Tables : — 



Age. 


EXPECTATION. 


Difference in Favour of England & Wales. 


City Districts. 


England & Wales. 


In Years. 


Per Cent. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


40-0148 
32-8603 
26-0873 
19-9271 
13-7685 
8-7636 


40-6910 
34-0990 
27-4760 
20-8463 
14-5854 
9-2176 


0-6762 
1-2387 
1-3887 
0-9192 
0-8169 
4540 


1-664 
3-632 
5-054 
4-409 
5-608 
4-092 



The comparative value of life in the three districts at decennial periods wiU be seen 
by an inspection of the following Table ; the 6th and 8th columns of which wiR point out 
the gradual decrease in the value of Life in moving from the Rural to the ToAvn, and 
from the Town to the City Districts : — 











Excess in Favour of Rural, ove 


r 


Age. 


EXPECTATION OF 


LIFE. 










Town Districts. 


City Districts. 


Rural. 


Town. 


City. 


In Years, 


Per Cent. 


In Years. 


Per Cent. 


20 


45-3550 


42-2742 


40 0148 


3-0808 


6-790 


5.3402 


11-774 


30 


38-4073 


34-5753 


32-8603 


3-8320 


9-977 


5-5470 


14-442 


40 


30-9724 


27-1530 


26-0873 


3-8194 


12 -.331 


4-8851 


15-772 


50 


23-4700 


19-9733 


19-9271 


3-4967 


14-900 


3-5429 


15-100 


60 


16-6524 


13-7608 


13-7685 


2-8916 


17-364 


2-8837 


17-318 


70 


10-7124 


8-7030 


8-7636 


2-2094 


20-246 


2-1488 


19-691 


Total 


Excess 






. 19-.3299 . 




. 24-3479 





The next arrangement of this kind which -wiU be lirought imder notice is the Ex- 
pectation of Life as deri^^ed from the combination of all the data composing the three 
Districts now referred to ; and may be understood to represent the general value of 
31ale Life as it exists among the Members of the Community composing Friendly 

K 



34 



DURATION or LIFE 



Societies. Throughout the whole range of this Table the Expectation of Life is found 
to be higher than among the male population of the countiy generally. A glance 
at the following abridgment of Table G, for the three Districts, vaU shew the difference 
at the given periods of hfe : — 



Age. 


EXPECTATION IN 


Difference in Favour of the Three Districts. 


Three Districts. 


En«iliuid and Wales. 


In Years. 


Per Cent. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


43-7736 
36-6051 
29-3306 
22-1920 
15'6942 
10-2057 


40-6910 
34-0990 
27-4760 
20-8463 
14-5854 
9-2176 


3-0826 
2-5061 
1-8546 
1-3457 
1-1088 
0-9881 


7-575 
7-349 
6-750 
6-455 
7-602 
10-720 



A very important distinction is here found to prevail between the value of life in 
the two Tables. The circumstances m which the hmnble and working population of 
the country is placed, have generally been thought adverse to a prolonged duration of 
life; but the healthiest Life Tables hitherto formed have not she^\^l any thing so favour- 
able as the present results, even among what are generally considered the select classes 
of Society : — 

It may be well to be understood here, that the persons composing Friendly 
Societies are ahnost exclusively the hard-working members of the conununity, chiefly 
occupied in the dnidgeries and toils of the mechanic arts, and consequently exposed to the 
inclemencies of seasons, excesses of temperature, impure atmospheres, constrained postures, 
and other conditions usually thought objectionable. Their incomes are very limited, afibrd- 
ing but the scantiest and sunplest means of support. Their habitations are of an inferior 
order, being of the cheapest kind, and consequently in the worst streets. The Members 
of Friendly Societies are therefore generally placed in those circumstances which persons 
habituated to the luxuries of the upper ranks of society would regard as unfavourable to 
health and a superior duration of life. In maldng these remarks, however, it is necessary, 
as wiU hereafter be seen, to make a distinction between them, and the great bulk of the 
poorer classes of the country. For an individual to remain a Member of a Friendly 
Society, it is required that he should make his weekly or montlily contribution to its funds ; 
and although a few pence is all that is needed, it presumes on a certain amount of frugabty 
and industrial habit, sufficient to separate him from the reckless and improvident person, 
who is more openly exposed to the \'icissitudes — poverty, distress, destitution and 
disease — incidental to fluctuations in the demand for labour. 

The superior value of life among the Members of Friendly Societies is a very remark- 
able and unportant featui-e in this inquiry, and is a result that generally would not have 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 35 

been anticipated ; and the question which naturally foUows is, From what source or class 
does the excess of mortality, which makes up the general average of the community, arise ? 

Those persons havmg transactions with the Assurance Companies belong, with a very 
few exceptions, either to the middle or the higher ranks of society ; and if the value of 
life, as deduced from observations in those Companies, be admitted as a correct measure for 
such classes, it will be found that their duration of life is not only less than among 
the j\Iembers of Friendly Societies, but also less than in the country generally. 

In T^VBLE H, No. 5, col. 2ud, the Expectation of Life is given as deduced from the 
aggregate observations of Assurance Companies, and includes both sexes ; but col. 1st 
(Males d 1) of the same Table relates to Male Lives only, and is consequently that which 
should be brought into comparison with the results of this inquiry. 

It may be said, in reply to some of the preceding observations, that the sviperior 
value of hfe in the ranks of Friendly Societies, above the general coimnunity, is owmg to 
the effects .of selection ; but a little reflection will shew that the difference must be pro- 
duced by other causes. Every reasonable means is adopted to test the lives admitted into 
Assurance Companies, and yet they appear to be of less value than the general average of 
the country ; and Friendly Societies are kno-\vn not to exercise the same degree of 
scrutmy. In both, the interest of the applicant for admisssion is opposed to that of the 
Society ; and, looking at the results, it is not unlikely that the vigilance of the one may be 
neutraUzed by the interests of the other. Another resrdt brought out by the observations 
on the lives in Assurance Offices wiU shew how inadequate the means of selection usually 
resorted to are to raise the standard of life above the average of the country. All 
other inquiries liitherto made on Male and Female Life have tended to attach a greater 
value to the latter than to the former; but the results in the Assurance Companies 
have been reversed, shewing that some other causes, beyond the method of selection, 
must have interfered to modify the state of health ; for if the means of scrutiny had 
been adequate to determine the actual character and condition of health, the pre- 
vailing feature of each sex would have manifested itself, and the anomalous results of 
]\Iale Life being of higher absolute value than Female Life not appeared. 

Assurance Companies, it has been stated, are likely to have proposals most freely 
from among unhealthy persons for sums payable at death ; but that proposals for annuities, 
or sums payable during life, will be made on the lives of the most healthy only ; and 
that the private opinion of the individual being always brought to bear against the 
Company, the effects of selection under this aspect ought to prevent the results of 
such observations fi'om bemg regarded as a true exponent of the value of life in the 
class of society generally to which those persons belong. There exists no published 
document, so far as Assurance Offices are concerned, to shew whether this opinion is 
well founded : but there is e\ddence of the same kind — of equal, or perliaps, from its 

[greater 



36 



DURATION OF LIFE 
Table II. 

FxPECTATinv OF Life. 





No. 1. 


No. 2. 


No. ,3. 




No. 1. 


No. 2. 


No. 3. 




Friendly Societies. 


Friendly Societies. 






Friendly Societies. 


Fiiendlv Societies. 




Ages. 


Feniales. 


Wales. 


Peerage. 


Ages. 


Females. 


Males. 


Peerage. 




Rural, Ton-n & City. 


Liverpool. 






Rural, Town & City. 


Liverpool. 




10 


49-4925 


46-0009 




56 


■19-9.382 


14-0881 


14-6308 


11 


49-1826 


45-1818 




57 


19-2966 


13-5449 


14-0970 


12 


48-8685 


44 -.3597 





58 


18-6222 


12-9960 


13-5737 


13 


48-5413 


43-5377 




59 


17-9.358 


12-4621 


13-0637 


14 


48-1921 


42-7188 




60 


17-2380 


11-9626 


12-5671 


15 


47-8130 


41-9006 




61 


16-5294 


11-5151 


12-1091 


16 


47-3949 


41-1034 




62 


15-8112 


11-1372 


11-6080 


17 


46-9305 


40-3122 


... ■ . t 


63 


15-0965 


10-8097 


11-1420 


18 


46-4196 


39-5276 




64 


14-3974 


10-5137 


10-6830 


19 


45-8639 


38-7437 




65 


13-7245 


10-2321 


10-2303 


20 


45-2640 


37-9553 


38-4750 


66 


13-0869 


9-9467 


9-7857 


21 


44-6198 


37-1574 


37-6614 


67 


12-4924 


9-6107 


9-.3518 


22 


43-9342 


36-3453 


36-9640 


68 


11-9420 


9-3156 


8-9.325 


23 


43-2191 


35-5277 


36-1016 


69 


11-4.333 


8-9733 


8-5321 


24 


42-4872 


34-7124 


35-3445 


70 


10-9750 


8-6156 


8-1,506 


25 


41-7504 


33-9067 


34-5967 


71 


10-5603 


8-2435 


7-7873 


26 


41-0194 


33-1189 


33-8543 


72 


10-1940 


7-8582 


7-4405 


27 


40-3056 


32-3541 


.33-1200 


73 


9-8569 


7-4648 


7-1102 


28 


39-6003 


31-6069 


.32-3912 


74 


9-5314 


7-0681 


6-7941 


29 


38-8956 


30-8719 


31-6535 


75 


9-2001 


6-6720 


6-4866 


30 


38-1841 


30-1437 


308760 


76 


8 -8400 


6-2793 


6-1883 


31 


37-4589 


29-4175 


30-2306 


77 


8-4525 


5-8923 


5-8996 


32 


36-7129 


28-6887 


29-5153 


78 


8-0339 


5-5159 


5-6204 


33 


35-9540 


27-9612 


28-8023 


79 


7-6031 


5-1531 


5-3506 


34 


35-1899 


27-4392 


28-0900 


80 


7-1725 


4-8067 


5-0884 


35 


34-4280 


26-5260 


27-3790 


81 


6-7518 


4-4792 


4-8389 


36 


33-6748 


25-8251 


26-6700 


82 


6-3502 


4-1715 


4-6016 


37 


32-9367 


25-1392 


25-9690 


83 


5-9622 


3-8835 


4-3799 


38 


32-2103 


24-4666 


25-1590 


84 


5-5817 


3-6138 


4-1770 


39 


31-4929 


23-8050 


24-5830 


85 


5-2026 


3-3621 


3-9958 


40 


.30-7813 


23-1524 


24-4500 


86 


4-8192 


3-1255 


3-8400 


41 


.30-0735 


22-5069 


23-2420 


87 


4-4232 


2-9042 


3-7117 


42 


29-3664 


21-8666 


22-5921 


88 


4-0015 


2-6978 


3-6076 


43 


28-6606 


21-2.331 


21-96.35 


89 


3-5969 


2-5047 


3-5084 


44 


27-9567 


20-6073 


21-3520 


90 


3-2186 


2 -.3524 


3-4044 


45 


27-2551 


19-9908 


20-9494 


91 


2-8732 


2-1971 


3-2729 


46 


26-5564 


19-3839 


20-1742 


92 


2-5662 


2-0602 


3-1161 


47 


25-8611 


18-6879 


19-6039 


93 


2-3144 


1-9423 


2-8989 


48 


25-1717 


18-2059 


19-0404 


94 


2-0862 


1-8292 


2-G338 


49 


24-490,5 


17-6405 


18-4803 


95 


1-8684 


1-7062 


2-3720 


50 


23-8200 


17-0946 


17-9221 


96 


1-6495 


1 -5526 


2-1159 


51 


23-1610 


16-5705 


17-7590 


97 


1 -4043 


1-3750 


1-8689 


52 


22-5164 


16-0706 


16-8121 


98 


1-1.506 


1-1469 


1-6363 


53 


21-8795 


15-58.34 


16-2270 


99 


•8869 


•8750 


1-4231 


54 


21-2445 


150975 


15-7137 


100 


-5000 


•5000 


1-2142 


55 


20-6060 


14-6024 


15-1722 











IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



37 



Table H, continued. 
Expectation of Life. 





No. 4. 


No 


. 5. 


No. 6. 




No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 




Friendly Societies. 


Life A 


^suranc 


e 




Friendly Societies. 


Life Assurance 




Ages. 


16 Trades. 

Rural Districts. 

Males. 


Offices. 


Government. 


Ages. 


16 Trades. 


Offices. 


Government. 




Males d 1 


Aggregate. 




Males. 


Males d 1 


Aggregate. 


10 


52-0363 






.. 44-2721 


56 


18-8093 


15-66 


16 


3 15-7971 


11 


51-1551 












.. 43-5540 


57 


18-1542 


15-09 


15-6 


2 15-2060 


12 


50-3863 


.. 










.. 42-8244 


58 


17-5052 


14-45 


14-98 14-6188 


13 


49-3939 












.. 42-0745 


59 


16-8639 


13-99 


14-38 14-0444 


14 


48-5297 












.. 41-3130 


60 


16-2322 


13-47 


13-81 13-48.30 


15 


47-6860 








, . 




.. 40-5612 


61 


15-6110 


12-09 


13-24 12-9379 


16 


46-8692 








, , 




.. 39-8399 


62 


15-0020 


12-46 


12-68 12-4099 


17 


46-0858 












.. 39-1568 


63 


14-4084 


11-90 


12-09 11-8913 


18 


45-3321 












.. 38-5202 


64 


13-8333 


11-27 


11-5 


11-3770 


19 


44-6041 












.. 37-9383 


65 


13-2795 


10-87 


11-0 


3 10-8672 


20 


43-8978 


39-84 


40-! 


?7 37-4079 


66 


12-7495 


10-38 


10-5 


1 10-3682 


21 


43-2102 


39-29 


40-^ 


15 36-9217 


67 


12-2454 


9-93 


10-0 


3 9-8927 


22 


42-5377 


38-70 


39-< 


)2 36-4565 


68 


11-7598 


9-33 


9-4 


6 9-4497 


23 


41-8756 


37-98 


39-] 


8 36-0047 


69 


11-2856 


8-81 


8-9 


9 9-0381 


24 


41-2197 


37-41 


38-^ 


54 35-5502 


70 


10-8160 


8-34 


8-5 


8-6547 


25 


40-5657 


36-63 


37 •{ 


i4 35-0806 


71 


10-3441 


7-88 


8-1 


3 8-2894 


26 


39-9096 


35-88 


37-1 


3 34-5912 


72 


9-8643 


7-43 


7-7 


2 7-9333 


27 


39-2472 


35-23 


36-^ 


12 34-0772 


73 


9-3862 


6-97 


7-2 


8 7-5716 


28 


38-5785 


34-63 


35-/ 


6 33-5421 


74 


8-9188 


6-57 


6-8 


i 7-1992 


29 


37-9028 


33-96 


35 -C 


)6 32-9896 


75 


8-4698 


6-03 


6-4 


3 6-8215 


30 


37-2237 


33-17 


34-S 


5 32-4192 


76 


8-0465 


5-63 


6-0 


B 6-4411 


31 


36-5380 


32-44 


33 -£ 


31-8346 


77 


7-6552 


5-48 


5-7 


7 6-0660 


32 


35-8464 


31-73 


32-7 


5 31-2315 


78 


7-2976 


5-16 


5-3 


7 5-7074 


33 


35-1492 


30-92 


31-£ 


8 30-6097 


79 


6-9750 


4-99 


5-0 


7 5-3810 


34 


34-4464 


30-21 


31 -S 


7 29-9689 


80 


6-6900 


4-75 


4-7. 


5 5-0857 


35 


33-7378 


29-52 


30-£ 


5 29-3167 


81 


6-4455 








4-8093 


36 


33-0235 


28-87 


29-c 


28-6648 


82 


6-2459 








4-5293 


37 


32-3035 


28-15 


29-2 


28-0170 


83 


6-0681 








4-2540 


38 


31-5766 


27-49 


28-5 


1 27-3846 


84 


5-8879 








3-9906 


39 


30-8416 


26-81 


27-7 


9 26-7676 


85 


5-6791 








3-7427 


40 


30-0976 


26-06 


27-C 


»7 26-1511 


86 


5-4152 








3-5156 


41 


29-3439 


25-42 


26--^ 


1 25-5311 


87 


5-0692 








3-3039 


42 


28-5795 


24-70 


25-€ 


8 24-9037 


88 


4-6659 








3-1203 


43 


27-8121 


24-00 


24-f 


8 24-2616 


89 


4-2354 








2-9693 


44 


27-0490 


23-34 


24 -S 


6 23-6006 


90 


3-8023 








2-82.33 


45 


26-2370 


22-63 


23-£ 


5 22-9172 


91 


3-3764 








2-6531 


46 


25-5610 


21-98 


22-E 


5 22-2182 


92 


2-9791 








2-4718 


47 


24-8486 


21-24 


22-1 


2 21-5103 


93 


2-6054 








2-3000 


48 


24-1539 


20-62 


21-4 


tl 20-8035 


94 


2-2512 








2-0714 


49 


23-4722 


20-08 


20-7 


9 20-1108 


95 


1-9194 








1-7917 


50 


22-7993 


19-41 


20-1 


1 19-4414 


96 


1-6126 








1-4375 


51 


22-1305 


18-73 


19-4 


6 18-7984 


97 


1-3285 








1-0000 


52 


21-4622 


18-05 


18-7 


9 18-1784 


98 


1-0655 








•5000 


53 


20-7949 


17-40 


18-1 


6 17-5754 


99 


•8415 











54 


20-1302 


16-77 


17-5 


16-9800 


100 


-5000 










55 


19-4680 


16-21 


\Q-h 


3 16-3893 






1 







38 DURATION OF LIFE 

greater extent, of higher value than any to be drawn from the Assurance Companies ; it 
turns out, however, that assured hves are of greater instead of less value than those of an- 
nuitants. The tables calculated by ]\Ir. Finlaison, on the hves among the nominees of the 
Government Tontines and Annuity schemes, are here alluded to. The facts over which his 
observations extended possessed almost every advantage that could be desired ; and, con- 
sidering the acknoAvledged skill and care with which his computations were managed, the 
Government Table must be entitled to the highest confidence, and the Expectation of Life 
thence deduced regarded as the true measure of life in that pai'ticular class of society. 

Table H, No. 6, has been recalculated for the pi-esent paper from the facts given by 
Mr. Finlaison at page 67 of his Report on Life Annuities hi ]\Iarch 1829 — being the 
combined results of six different classes of observations on male lives. That usually 
quoted as the Expectation Table of the Government Annuitants, is the one calculated by 
Mr. Finlaison in 1825, and differs in some important particulars from his subsequent and 
revised data in 1829. This table, then, will shew that the male lives selected for the 
Government Annuities are not only of less duration than the male population of the 
country generally, and are also of less value than lives in Assurance Companies, but are 
actually shorter Uved than the members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts. It is 
evident from those results, that the presumed power of the individual to judge of his o^vn 
state of health has not she-\vn the remarkable effects anticipated : there is more reason to 
believe that the natural inclination with which every person is led to look upon his life as 
good, AviU very much influence any power of discrimination on his own chances of longe- 
vity. It is, hoAvever, to be kept in view, that persons of decidedly bad health wUl rarely 
purchase annuities ; and the exclusion of these has, no doubt, aome effect in shghtly raising 
the standard of the table. A simdar observation is also to lie made with respect to the 
applicants to Assurance Companies. There is a strong temptation for those in really bad, 
or at least in indifferent health, to offer themselves for assurance ; and if aU were admitted, 
no doubt a lower value would be expressed by the results m Table H, No. 5. The known 
caution, however, usually exercised in these matters, and the medical talent brought to 
the aid of the Offices, is a protection against the very worst lives of that class ; about 23 
per cent, of the applicants being the average number rejected. 

Friendly Societies, although not equally solicitous, are stdl not A\dthout tests for the 
admission of Members, and they possess one advantage over Assurance Companies; the 
]\Icmbers, and those likely to be candidates, are generally intimately knoAvn in their daily 
habits andorthnary health to each other; and where evidently bad health exists, admission 
is refused. A consideration of aU that has been advanced wUl shew that the greater 
vitality among INIembers of Friendly Societies cannot l)e accounted for by the superior 
mode in the selection of lives ; for, if that argument were carried out to its full extent. 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 39 

it would go to prove that the other classes in question had, in that respect, the advantage. 
The blessing thus bestowed on the frugal and industrious workmen of the country com- 
posing Friendly Societies, in having gi*anted them, as appears by the present inquiry, 
a prolonged duration of hfe, must therefore be regarded as a really tnie and distinctive 
feature of that class of persons, and is, no doubt, the result of their simple and uniform 
habits of Hfe, and the more regular and natural physical exercises to which they are 
habituated. 

If the nature of the present paper led to a farther investigation of this point, it could 
be clearly shewn, by tracing the various classes of society in which there exists sufficient 
means of subsistence, beginning with the most humble, and passing on to the middle 
and upper classes, that a gradual deterioration in the duration of hfe takes place ; and 
that just as life, with aU its wealth, pomp, and magnificence, woidd seem to become 
more valuable and tempting, so are its opportunities and chances of enjoyment lessened. 
As far as the results of figures admit of judging, this condition would seem to flow 
directly from the luxuriant and pampered style of hving among the wealthier classes, 
whose artificial habits interfere with the nature and degree of those physical exercises 
which, in a simpler class of society, are accompanied with a long life. 

Tlais far, then, it is plain that the amount of life enjoyed by the middle and upper 
classes tends rather to depreciate than elevate the standard deduced from the general 
results of the country. And carrying this out stiU further, and viewing the value of life 
in the highest ranks of society — namely, the peerage and baronetage — as given in the recent 
and very interesting paper submitted by Dr. Guy, it will be seen that the Expectation of 
Life is not only less than in the general coimnunity, but also very much below the measure 
of life among the Members of Friendly Societies in the City Distkicts. The expectation 
of life in the peerage wiU be found in Table H, No. 3. It may then be conclusively 
admitted, that the standard of Hfe in the general community is not elevated in any way 
by the influence of the middle or upper classes. With regard to the very highest ranks, 
the opposite conclusion must be come to ; but as the numbers of the nobUity are relatively 
small, the inferior value of life there shewn is not sufficient to account for the reduction 
of the scale for the general connnunity so much below the avei'age standard of all classes in 
Friendly Societies. 

It hence foUows that the excess of mortality in the general community must fall on 
the residue of the people ; and although at present there exists no cHrect means of 
measuring the precise value of Hfe in that portion of the population, it is evident that 
an inferential one of equal unportance is immediately available. 

Admitting that the preceding Tables fonn a correct representation of the value of 
life in the respective classes, it wUl be easy to arrive at the value of Hfe m the remammg 
class ; for — 



40 DURATION OF LIFE 

Let Table A I'epresent the rate of mortality in the general community — ^n.z. 

over all Enaland and ^\^ales ; 
And let 1/ zm rate of mortality in one class — viz. Friendly Societies — and 

fonning a pai't of A or included in it ; — Also 
Let c zz rate of mortahty in a second class — ^'\z : the middle and upper classes, 
and also included in A ; — then it is evident that 

A — (b + c) =: the rate of mortality in the remaining class, composing the Community. 
And this latter class includes the improvident and reckless, the poor and the destitute, 
A\'ho arc exposed to the inclemencies of the seasons, the fluctuations of trade, and fall 
victims to epidemical and other diseases. Subsequent illustrations yviU more clearly 
cstaljlish this fact, when the question of large to-\vns or cities is brought under con- 
sideration. 

In making the preceding comparisons of the mortahty of the Eural, ToAvn, and City 
Districts respectively, with the average results for the whole population of England and 
Wales, no further corrections of the figures than those described were needed ; but before 
bringing the table representing the combined results of the tliree districts into comparison 
with the mortahty of the whole population of the countrj', it woidd have been important 
to be enabled to apply a further correction to the elementary data. 

An inspection of the arrangement of the data presented in Table E will shew, that if 

Iv, T, and C, represent the population over wliich the observations in that 
Table extend, for the Rural, Town, and City Districts re- 
spectively and 
r, t, and c represent the number of deaths in the same population for the 
respective districts at each period of life ; 
then the mortality per cent., and consequently all subsequent results for the average of the 
three districts, or rather the three districts combined, as set forth in Table E, is derived from — 

(r ^ t -\- c) ' 100 
R -f T + C 

This is the usual mode by wliich general averages for various classes of hves have been 
hitherto determined ; but it is evident that unless R, T, and C, bear the same ratio to each 
other which the whole population of the districts they represent do to each other, the 
average results cannot be true. 

Tliis fact may be rendered more intelligible by the foUoAving hjqiothetical illustra- 
tion. Suppose at any given age the popidation over which the actual observations extend 
was 100 for each of the three districts, ^^.z : — 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 41 



V District R = 100 


Annual Deaths 


2 


„ T = 100 


)5 


3 


C = 100 


)5 


4 



R + T + C = 300 „ 9 

then the average result thus derived would shew a mortality of 3 per cent. ; but if the whole 
population of those districts had been to each other in any other relation than an equality 
of numbers — say 100, 50, and 25 — then the number of deaths would have become 
2, 1-5, and 1, respectively : consequently the correct average mortality would have been 
2*571 per cent, mstead of 3 per cent. 

The following mode of obtainmg a connect average has also been suggested, but it is 
obvious that it would involve errors of a more serious nature than the coimnon method 
employed. 

rlOO + ^100 + c -100 

~ir "1^ iy~ 



3 

A single illustration mU be adequate to point out the fallacies of this. 

At age 40 — 45 the actual mortality of the Rural Districts is •8361 per cent: 
,, „ Town Districts 1"0637 ,, 

„ „ City Districts 1-6084 „ 

Average for the three 11694 

But supposuig the actual population of the whole of each district at that age was in the 
ratio of 82763, 34220 and 25428, which are the actual numbers in Table E at this term of 
Ufe, then the correct average mortality of the whole kingdom would be 1'0287 per cent, 
but the above result was ... ... ... ... ... 1*1694 



Difference 0*1407 or an 
error on the amount of the true result of 13*7766 per cent. 

Although Table E, for all the Districts combined, is a correct measure of the average 
mortality of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, being composed of the actual nmnbers 
in those Districts, and in this respect perfect for the jnirposes of Friendly Societies ; yet, 
unless the numbers representing, at particular years of age, each of the three Districts in 
Table E, bear the same ratio to the combined Districts of that Table, at the same ages which 
the actual population of the country in each of these Districts has to the whole population of 
the country at those ages, corrections would be required for purposes of comparison with 
the general mortality of the kingdom. But for the same reasons that the corrections sug- 
gested would improve the Taljle for comparison Avith the general mortality of the country, 
Avould they also injure the results for the purpose of Friendly Societies. It would, there- 
fore, be better to have the facts under both forms. 

M 



42 DURATION OF LIFE 

As stated in the early part of tHs paper, if the districts of the Census Com- 
niissoners and Registrar-General had been coincident or coterminous, the labor of de- 
tennining the population at each tenn of life for the three corresponding Districts would 
have been well repaid. 

As already stated, these observations do not in any way affect the Rates of Mortahty as 
represented in any one District, but affect the combined results for the three Districts only. 
So far as any individual District is concerned, or the comparison of one District with 
another, or with the general mortality for the whole kingdom, those objections do not apply, 
for in respect of locality simple elements only enter into the data of each district. 

To some it may appear that too much importance has been given to the nature of this 
error ; bu.t as it so constantly enters, under some aspect or other, into nearly all inquiries 
into Vital Statistics, frequently producing errors of considerable magnitude, it has been 
deemed necessary' to allude to it at length. 

The distinction between the Rates of jNIortality in the three Districts has been already 
pointed out ; and so far as a single expression of the value of life among those classes, in 
given Districts, is required, nothmg more is needed ; and the difference between the tables 
will shew the relative value of hfe in the given Districts. Hitherto it has been thought 
sufficient to rest at this stage in all inquiries into the influence of locahty on the Duration 
of Life, and to assign the difference thus appearing in the value of life between the respec- 
tive Districts to the peculiar influence of To-^ti or City Life. Other causes than locahty 
will, however, be she-svii to influence the Duration of Life. 

If the data composing the facts presented in the preceding Tables be analysed, so as 
to distinguish one emplojonent from another, it will be found that some occupations are 
much more healthy than others. The first evidence of this to be brought forward will be 
confined to the Rural Districts. An inspection of Table I, which represents the Mortality 
of Labourers in the Rural Districts, chiefly agricultural labourers, wiU shew a much higher 
specific intensity to the age of 80 than the general results for all employments in the Rural 
Districts ; the specific intensity of Labourers, however, decreases in a gradual and regiUar 
series from the youngest ages in the Table, following the rule of the general results of the 
other Districts, and not presenting the apparent anomaly of the general results for the Rural 
Districts by shewing an increasing specific intensity from twenty to thirty-one years of age. 
It will be found that the specific intensity of the General Residts for the Rural Districts — . 

At Age 20 in Table F, is as high as age '41 for Labourers in Table I ; 
„ 30 „ 41 

„ 40 „ 44 

„ 50 „ 54 „ 

„ 60 „ 64 „ 



„ 70 ■ „ 72 



[The Population 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 

Table I, No. 1. 
Rural Districts. — Labourers. — Males. 



43 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living;. 


Dyinj;. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


230 


•2300 


434-783 


56 


73583 


1043 


1-4174 


70^572 


11 


99770 


229 


•2300 


434-783 


57 


72540 


1081 


1^4904 


67^114 


12 


99541 


243 


•2438 


410-172 


58 


71459 


1110 


r5535 


64-350 


13 


99298 


270 


•2715 


368-324 


59 


70349 


1J30 


1-6067 


62-228 


14 


99028 


310 


•3130 


319^489 


60 


69219 


1112 


1-6501 


60-606 


15 


98718 


364 


•3684 


271-444 


61 


68077 


1146 


1-6835 


59-382 


16 


98354 


430 


•4377 


228-467 


62 


66931 


1192 


1-7801 


56-180 


17 


97924 


486 


•4965 


201-410 


63 


65739 


1275 


1-9399 


51-546 


18 


97438 


531 


•5448 


183-554 


64 


64464 


1394 


2-1628 


46^232 


19 


96907 


565 


•5827 


171-615 


65 


63070 


1545 


2-4489 


40^833 


20 


96342 


588 


•6102 


163-881 


66 


61525 


1722 


2-7981 


35-740 


21 


95754 


601 


•6273 


159-413 


67 


59803 


1894 


3-1676 


31-566 


22 


95153 


605 


•6363 


157-159 


68 


57909 


2060 


3-5573 


28-114 


23 


94548 


602 


•6372 


156-937 


69 


55849 


2216 


3-9673 


25-208 


24 


93946 


592 


•6302 


158-680 


70 


53633 


2359 


4-3975 


22-738 


25 


93354 


574 


•6151 


162-575 


71 


51274 


2486 


4-8480 


20-627 


26 


92780 


549 


•5919 


168-948 


72 


48788 


2563 


5-2532 


19-037 


27 


92231 


530 


•5746 


174-034 


73 


46225 


2595 


5-6130 


17-816 


28 


91701 


516 


•5632 


177-557 


74 


43630 


2586 


5-9276 


16-869 


29 


91185 


508 


•5576 


179-340 


75 


41044 


2543 


6-1967 


16-137 


30 


90677 


506 


•5578 


179-276 


76 


38501 


2472 


6-4205 


15-574 


31 


90171 


508 


•5638 


177-368 


77 


36029 


2472 


6-8614 


14-575 


32 


89663 


511 


•5699 


175-469 


78 


33557 


2523 


7-5194 


13-300 


33 


89152 


514 


•5761 


173^581 


79 


31034 


2605 


8-3945 


11-912 


34 


88638 


516 


•5824 


171^703 


80 


28429 


2698 


9-4887 


10-539 


35 


88122 


519 


•5887 


169^866 


81 


25731 


2778 


10-7980 


9-259 


36 


87603 


521 


•5950 


168-067 


82 


22953 


2691 


11-7226 


8-532 


37 


87082 


529 


•6076 


164-582 


83 


20262 


2485 


12-2626 


8-157 


38 


86553 


542 


•6265 


159-617 


84 


17777 


2208 


12-4180 


8 051 


39 


86011 


560 


•6515 


153-492 


85 


15569 


1897 


12^1867 


8-203 


40 


85451 


583 


•6828 


146-456 


86 


13672 


1582 


11-5728 


8-643 


41 


84868 


596 


•7203 


138^831 


87 


12090 


1384 


11-4485 


8-734 


42 


84272 


634 


•7522 


132^943 


88 


10706 


1282 


11-9761 


8-347 


43 


83638 


651 


•7785 


128^452 


89 


9424 


1240 


13^1556 


7-599 


44 


82987 


663 


•7992 


125^125 


90 


8184 


1212 


14-8092 


6-752 


45 


82324 


670 


•8143 


122-805 


91 


6972 


1207 


17-3142 


5-777 


46 


81654 


673 


•8238 


121-389 


92 


5765 


1163 


20-1724 


4-958 


47 


80981 


684 


•8445 


118-413 


93 


4602 


1080 


23-4758 


4-259 


48 


80297 


704 


•8762 


114-129 


94 


3522 


973 


27-6246 


3-620 


49 


79593 


732 


•9191 


108-802 


95 


2549 


837 


32-8260 


3-046 


50 


78861 


767 


•9732 


102-754 


96 


1712 


670 


39-1324 


2-556 


51 


78094 


811 


P0383 


96-339 


97 


1042 


490 


47-0458 


2-125 


52 


77283 


856 


M070 


90-334 


98 


552 


319 


57-7774 


1-731 


53 


76427 


901 


M793 


84-818 


99 


233 


154 


66-0370 


1-514 


54 


75526 


948 


\-25a\ 


79-681 


100 


79 


79 


85 0000 


M76 


55 


■ 74578 


995 


V3345 


74-906 













44 



DURATION OF LIFE 
Table I, No. 2. 

RuEAL, Town and City Districts. — Clerks. — Males. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


396 


•3961 


252^402 


56 


42418 


21'22 


5^7089 


17-516 


11 


99004 


395 


•3961 


252^462 


57 


39996 


2506 


6^2(]l-6 


15-962 


\2 


99209 


401 


•4038 


247^647 


58 


37490 


2464 


6^5720 


15-216 


13 


98808 


414 


•4193 


238-493 


59 


35026 


2323 


6^6310 


15-081 


14 


98394 


435 


•4425 


225-989 


60 


32703 


2107 


6^4 M 6 


15-523 


15 


97959 


464 


•4735 


211-193 


61 


30596 


1837 


6-0038 


16-656 


1(> 


97495 


499 


•5123 


195-198 


62 


28759 


1631 


5-6(;94 


17-640 


17 


96996 


576 


•5937 


168-435 


G?j 


27128 


1475 


5-1385 


18-386 


18 


96420 


692 


•7180 


139-276 


61 


25653 


1362 


5-3110 


18-829 


IS) 


95728 


847 


•8849 


113-007 


65 


24291 


1284 


5-2870 


18-914 


20 


94881 


1039 


]^0946 


91-324 


6() 


23007 


1235 


5-3665 


18-632 


21 


93842 


1264 


r3470 


74-239 


67 


21772 


1201 


5-5167 


18-126 


22 


92578 


1464 


1-5813 


63-251 


68 


20571 


1180 


5-7377 


17-428 


23 


91114 


1038 


r7973 


55-648 


69 


19391 


1169 


6-0295 


16-584 


21 


89476 


1785 


r9952 


50-125 


70 


18222 


1153 


6-3291 


15-645 


25 


87691 


1907 


2-1749 


45-977 


71 


17069 


1165 


0-8255 


14-650 


2(3 


85784 


2004 


2-3365 


42-790 


72 


15904 


1161 


7-2988 


13-701 


27 


83780 


2026 


2^4184 


4b356 


73 


14743 


1152 


7-8120 


12^801 


28 


81754 


1979 


2-4208 


41^305 


74 


13591 


1137 


8-3651 


11-955 


29 


79775 


1870 


2-3436 


42-062 


75 


124.54 


1116 


8-9582 


11-163 


30 


77905 


1704 


2-1868 


45-725 


76 


11338 


1088 


9-,5911 


10-426 


31 


76201 


1486 


1^9505 


51^256 


77 


10250 


1062 


10-3620 


9-653 


32 


74715 


1317 


1 ^7629 


56-722 


78 


9188 


1036 


1 1 -2708 


8-873 


'Aii 


73398 


1192 


r6240 


61-576 


79 


8152 


1001. 


12-3175 


8-117 


31 


72206 


1108 


r5340 


65^189 


80 


7148 


965 


13-5021 


7 •407 


'io 


71098 


1061 


P4927 


66^979 


81 


6183 


917 


14-8247 


6^748 


3() 


70037 


1051 


r.5002 


66-667 


82 


5266 


855 


16-2430 


6-158 


37 


68986 


1065 


P5431 


64-809 


83 


4411 


783 


17-7573 


5^631 


38 


67921 


1101 


1'6215 


61-652 


84 


3628 


703 


19^3673 


5^162 


39 


66820 


1160 


P7354 


57-637 


85 


2925 


616 


2l^0732 


4^746 


40 


65660 


1238 


P8847 


53-050 


86 


2309 


528 


22^87.')0 


4^371 


41 


64422 


1333 


2^0694 


48-333 


87 


1781 


442 


24^8032 


4^032 


42 


63089 


1388 


^•1997 


45-455 


88 


1339 


360 


26-8580 


3-723 


43 


61701 


1401. 


2-2754 


^ii-d5Q 


89 


979 


284 


29-0393 


3^444 


44 


60297 


1385 


2-2967 


43-535 


90 


695 


218 


31-3471 


3^190 


45 


58912 


1333 


2-2634 


44-189 


91 


477 


161 


33-7814 


2^960 


46 


57579 


1253 


2-1756 


45^956 


92 


316 


114 


36^0243 


2^776 


47 


56326 


1215 


2-1572 


46^361 


i 93 


202 


77 


38-0758 


2^626 


48 


55111 


1217 


2-2083 


45^290 


' 94 


125 


50 


39-9359 


2^504 


49 


53894 


1255 


2-3287 


42-937 


i 95 


75 


31 


41-6047 


2^404 


50 


52();;9 


1326 


2-5186 


39-698 


96 


44 


19 


43-0820 


2-321 


51 


5i;]i3 


1426 


2-7780 


35-997 


97 


25 


12 


47-3179 


2-113 


52 


49837 


1.570 


3-1462 


31-786 


98 


13 


7 


53-9970 


1-852 


53 


48317 


1751 


3^6235 


27-594 


99 


6 


4 


61 •3067 


1-631 


54 


46566 


1960 


4^2097 


23-753 


100 


2 


2 


75-0000 


1-333 


55 


44606 


2188 


4-9048 


20^387 















IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



45 



Table I, No. .3. 
Rtiral, Town and City Districts. — Plibibers, Painters, &c Males. 



Agei. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


350 


•3499 


285-796 


56 


51301 


1952 


3-8051 


26^281 


11 


99650 


349 


•3499 


285-796 


57 


49349 


19.33 


3^9167 


25^530 


12 


99301 


416 


•4192 


238-550 


58 


47416 


1956 


4^1240 


24^248 


13 


98885 


552 


•5579 


179-244 


59 


45460 


2021 


4^4467 


22^487 


14 


98333 


753 


•7659 


130-565 


60 


43439 


2131 


4^9050 


20^387 


15 


97580 


1018 


1-0432 


95-877 


61 


41308 


2263 


5^4789 


18^252 


16 


96562 


1342 


1-3899 


71-942 


62 


39045 


2345 


6^0046 


16-653 


17 


95220 


1538 


1-6148 


61-920 


63 


36700 


2386 


6^5022 


15-380 


18 


93682 


1609 


1-7179 


58-207 


64 


34314 


2385 


6^9518 


14-384 


19 


92073 


1565 


1-6993 


58-858 


65 


31929 


2.341 


7^3332 


13-637 


20 


90508 


1411 


1-5588 


64-144 


66 


29588 


2268 


7^6666 


13-043 


21 


89097 


1155 


1-2966 


77-101 


67 


27320 


2154 


7^8836 


12-684 


22 


87942 


961 


1-0932 


91-491 


68 


25166 


2009 


7^9844 


12-525 


23 


86981 


825 


•9485 


105-430 


69 


23157 


1845 


7-9689 


12-549 


24 


86156 


743 


•8627 


115-915 


70 


21312 


1670 


7-8371 


12-760 


25 


85413 


714 


-8357 


119-660 


71 


19642 


1491 


7-5890 


13-177 


26 


84699 


735 


•8674 


115-287 


72 


18151 


1352 


7-4474 


13-428 


27 


83964 


776 


•9246 


108 155 


73 


16799 


1245 


7^4122 


13-492 


28 


83188 


838 


roo7i 


99-305 


74 


15554 


1164 


7-4835 


13-362 


29 


82350 


918 


1-1150 


89-686 


75 


14390 


1103 


7-6612 


13-053 


30 


81432 


1016 


1-2482 


80-128 


76 


13287 


1061 


7-9455 


12-585 


31 


80416 


1131 


1-4068 


71-073 


77 


12226 


1019 


8-3358 


ir996 


32 


79285 


1195 


1-5068 


66-357 


78 


11207 


990 


8^8322 


11^322 


33 


78090 


1209 


1-5480 


64-599 


79 


10217 


964 


9^4.347 


10^600 


34 


76881 


1177 


1-5306 


65-317 


80 


9353 


949 


10^1433 


9^862 


35 


75704 


1101 


1-4546 


68-729 


81 


8404 


921 


10^9580 


9^124 


36 


74()03 


985 


1-3198 


75-758 


82 


7483 


872 


ir6514 


8^584 


37 


73618 


908 


1-2335 


81-103 


83 


6611 


808 


12^2236 


8^183 


38 


72710 


869 


1-1956 


83-612 


84 


5803 


736 


12-6744 


7^893 


39 


71841 


867 


1-2062 


82-919 


85 


5067 


659 


13^0040 


7^692 


40 


70974 


898 


1-2651 


79-051 


86 


4408 


582 


13^2123 


7^570 


41 


70076 


962 


1-3725 


72-8.33 


87 


3826 


536 


14^0171 


7^133 


42 


69114 


987 


1-4287 


69 979 


88 


3290 


507 


15-4183 


6^485 


43 


68127 


977 


1-4336 


69-735 


89 


2783 


485 


17^4160 


5^741 


44 


67150 


932 


1-3874 


72-098 


90 


2298 


460 


20^0101 


4-998 


45 


66218 


854 


1-2899 


77-519 


91 


1838 


426 


23-2007 


4-310 


46 


65364 


746 


1-1412 


87-642 


92 


1412 


373 


26-4114 


3-786 


47 


64618 


737 


1-1411 


87-642 


93 


1039 


308 


29-6421 


3-374 


48 


63881 


824 


1-2897 


77-519 


94 


731 


240 


32-8930 


3^040 


49 


63057 


1001 


1-5870 


63-012 


95 


491 


178 


36-1639 


2^765 


50 


62056 


1262 


2-0329 


49-188 ; 


96 


313 


124 


39-4548 


2^535 


51 


60794 


1597 


2-6275 


3S-052 i 


97 


189 


85 


45-1416 


2-215 


52 


59197 


1837 


3-1024 


32-237 


98 


104 


55 


52-9088 


1-890 


53 


57360 


1983 


3-4576 


28-918 


99 


49 


30 


61-3067 


1-631 


54 


55377 


2045 


3^6931 


27^078 


100 


19 


19 


75^0000 


1-333 


55 


53332 


2031 


3^8089 


26-2.54 













. N 



46 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table I, No. 4. 
Rural, Town and City Districts. — Bakers. — Males. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 1 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


396 


•3961 


2:2-462 


50 


55.501 


1538 


2-7705 


36-088 


11 


9!)()01 


395 


•3961 


252-462 


57 


53963 


1555 


2^8822 


34-698 


1;.' 


99209 


401 


•4038 


247-617 


58 


52408 


1500 


2^9758 


33^602 


13 


98808 


415 


•4193 


238-493 


59 


50848 


1552 


3-0512 


32^776 


14 


98393 


435 


•4425 


225-989 


60 


49296 


1532 


3-1085 


32^1 65 


15 


97958 


161. 


•4735 


211-193 


61 


47764 


1503 


3^1476 


3h766 


16 


97494 


499 


•5123 


1 95^198 


62 


46261 


1513 


3-2709 


30-572 


17 


96995 


521 


•53()8 


186-289 


GS 


44748 


1557 


3-4783 


28-752 


18 


96471. 


528 


•5472 


182-749 


64 


43191 


1628 


3-7699 


26-525 


19 


95946 


.521 


•5435 


183^993 


65 


41563 


1723 


4-1456 


24-120 


20 


95425 


501 


•5255 


190-295 


66 


39840 


1835 


4^6055 


21-711 


21 


94924 


468 


•4934 


202-675 


67 


38005 


1923 


5^060 1 


19-763 


22 


94456 


461 


•4877 


205-044. 


68 


36082 


1988 


5^5091 


18-152 


23 


93995 


478 


•5084 


196-096 


69 


34094 


2030 


5^9534 


16^798 


24 


93517 


519 


•5555 


180018 


70 


32064 


20.50 


0-3921 


15^645 


25 


92998 


585 


•6290 


158-983 


71 


30014 


2049 


6^8254. 


14^652 


26 


92413 


674 


•7289 


137-193 


72 


27965 


2041 


7^2987 


13-701 


27 


91739 


743 


•8103 


123-411 


7.3 


25924 


2025 


7^8119 


12-801 


28 


90996 


793 


•8733 


114-508 


74. 


23899 


1999 


8^365 1 


11-955 


29 


90203 


828 


•9177 


108-968 


75 


21900 


1962 


8^9581 


11-163 


30 


89375 


813 


•9437 


105-966 


76 


19938 


1912 


9^5911 


10^4.26 


31 


88532 


842 


•9512 


105-1.10 


77 


18026 


1868 


10^3620 


9-653 


32 


87690 


815 


•9297 


107-562 


78 


16158 


1821 


lh2708 


8-873 


dS 


86875 


7()4 


•8791 


113-753 


79 


14337 


1766 


12^3175 


8-117 


34 


86111 


689 


•7996 


125-063 


80 


12571 


1697 


1 3^5021 


7-407 


35 


85422 


590 


•691 1 


144-697 


81 


10874 


1652 


14-8247 


6-718 


36 


84832 


470 


•5535 


180-669 


82 


9282 


1508 


16-2430 


6-158 


37 


84362 


405 


•4804 


208-100 


83 


7774 


1381 


17-7573 


5-631 


38 


83957 


396 


•4714 


212-134 


81 


6393 


1238 


19-3673 


5-163 


39 


83.561 


411 


•5272 


189-681 


85 


5155 


1086 


21 0732 


4-746 


40 


83120 


538 


•6171 


154-536 


86 


4069 


931 


22-8750 


4^370 


41 


82582 


687 


•8314 


120-279 


87 


3138 


778 


24-8032 


4032 


42 


81895 


903 


1-1026 


90-6(52 


88 


2360 


634 


26-8580 


3^723 


43 


80992 


1183 


1-4607 


68-146 


89 


1726 


501 


29-0393 


3^444 


44 


79809 


1518 


1-9058 


52-466 


90 


1225 


381. 


31-3471 


3^190 


45 


78291 


1909 


2-4377 


41-017 


91 


841 


284 


33^7814 


2^960 


46 


76382 


2335 


3^0566 


32-712 


92 


557 


201 


36^0243 


2^776 


47 


74047 


2573 


3-4752 


28-777 


93 


35G 


136 


38^0758 


2-626 


48 


71474 


2(!40 


3-6934 


27-078 


94 


220 


87 


39^9359 


2-504 


49 


68834 


2555 


3^7114 


26-947 


95 


133 


55 


41 •6047 


2-404 


50 


66279 


2339 


3-.5290 


28-337 


96 


78 


33 


43-0820 


2-321 


51 


63910 


2012 


3^M63 


31-786 


97 


45 


21 


47-3179 


2^113 


52 


61928 


1775 


2-8661 


34-892 


98 


24 


12 


53-9970 


b852 


5S 


60153 


I6I7 


2^6884 


37-202 


99 


12 


8 


61-3067 


\-GS\ 


54 


58536 


I.5.S0 


2-61,33 


38-270 


100 


4. 


4 


75-0000 


1^333 


.').") 


57006 


1.505 


2-6106 


37-864 













Ii\ VARIOUS CLASSES. 



47 



Table I, No. 5. 
Rural, Town and Cixr Disteicts Minees. — Males. 



10 

11 

1^ 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 
22 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
S3 
34 
S5 
36 
37 



Living 



100000 
99604 
99209 
98808 
98394 
97959 
97495 
96996 
96456 
95871 
95235 
94545 
93796 
93024 
92265 
91552 
90918 
90394 
89944 
89532 
89122 
88680 
88172 
87620 
870^16 
86472 
85919 
85407 
84911 
84405 



40 


83864 


41 


83265 


42 


82586 


43 


81817 


44 


80956 


45 


79997 


46 


78937 


47 


77773 


48 


76519 


49 


75190 


50 


73800 


51 


72362 


52 


70888 


53 


69339 


54 


67751 


55 


65942 



Dyin-. 



396 
395 
401 
414 
435 
464 
499 
540 
585 
636 
690 
749 
772 
759 
713 
634 
524 
450 
412 
410 
442 
508 
552 
574 
574 
553 
512 
496 
506 
541 
599 
679 
769 
861 
959 
1060 
1164 
1254 
1329 
1390 
1438 
1474 
1549 
1588 
1809 
1982 



Mortality. 
per Cent. 



•3961 

•3961 

•4038 

•4193 

•4425 

•4735 

•5123 

■5567 

•6070 

•6630 

•7247 

•7922 

•8228 

•8164 

■7731 

•6929 

•5758 

•4976 

•4582 

•4577 

•4960 

•5732 

•6262 

•6549 

■6594 

•6397 

•5957 

•5813 

•5963 

•6408 

•7147 

•8181 

-.9308 

•0.527 

•1840 



Specific. 
Intensity. 



•4744 
•6118 
•7.367 
•8491 
•9490 
2-0364 
2- 1858 
2-3973 
2-6707 
3^0061 



252-462 
252-462 
247^647 
238-493 
225-.989 
211-193 
195-198 
179-630 
164-745 
150-830 
137-988 
126-231 
121-536 
122-489 
129-349 
144-321 
173-671 
200-965 
218-245 
218-484 
201-613 
174-4.59 
159-093 
152-695 
151-653 
156-323 
167-870 
172-028 
167-701 
156-055 
139-919 
122-234 
107-435 
94-967 
84-459 
75-472 
67-843 
62-035 
57-571 
54-083 
51-308 
49-116 
45-746 
41-719 
37-439 



Ages. 



5Q 
57 

58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

64 
65 

m 

67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
100 



Living. 



63960 
61783 
59412 
56854 
54119 
51223 
48187 
45123 
42126 
39269 
36609 
34185 
31944 
29844 
27851 
25939 
24086 
22282 
20520 
18897 
17204 
15554 
13942 
12371 
10847 
9382 
7991 
6693 
5504 
4438 
3503 
2702 
2032 
1486 
1054 
724 
479 
306 
189 
114 
67 
38 
20 
9 
3 



Dyiny 



2177 
2371 

2558 



2896 

3036 

3064 

2997 

2857 

2660 

2424 

2241 

2100 

1993 

1912 

1853 

1804 

1762 

1723 

1693 

1650 

1612 

1571 

1524 

1465 

1391 

1298 

1189 

1066 

935 

801 

670 

546 

432 

330 

245 

173 

117 

75 

47 

29 

18 

11 

6 

3 



Mortality 
per Cent. 



3-4036 
3-8368 
4-3057 
4-8104 
5-3509 
5-9271 
Q-3515 
6-6422 
6-7810 
6-7740 
6-6213 
6-5541 
6-5726 
6-6767 
6-8664 
7-1417 
7-4885 
7-9069 
8-3967 
8-9582 
9-5911 
10-3620 
11-2708 
12-3175 
13-5021 
14-8247 
16-2430 
17-7573 
19-3673 
21-0732 
22-8750 
24-8032 
26-8580 
29-0393 
31-3471 
33-7814 
36-0243 
38-0758 
39-9359 
41-6047 
43-0820 
47-3179 
53-9970 
61-3067 
75-0000 



Specific 
Intensity. 



29-377 
26-062 
23-223 
20-790 
18-688 
16-872 
15-728 
15-0.56 
14-747 
14-762 
15-103 
'15-258 
15-214 
14-977 
14.-504 
14-002 
13-353 
12-647 
11-909 
11-163 
10-426 
9-6,53 
8-873 
8-117 
7-407 
6-748 
6-158 
5-631 
5-163 
4-746 
4-371 
4-032 
3-723 
3-444 
3-190 
2-960 
2-776 
2-626 
2-504 
2-404 
2-321 
2-113 
1-852 
1-631 
1-333 



48 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table I, No. 6. 

PiESIDUE, BY ABSTRACTING LABOURERS FROM RuRAL DISTRICTS. — Males. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specilit: 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Ct-nt. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


230 


•2300 


13 1-783 


56 


65081 


1233 


r8918 


52^770 


11 


99770 


229 


•2300 


434-783 


57 


63818 


1276 


r99S7 


50 •025 


12 


99514 


275 


•27()1 


3(51 ^795 


58 


62572 


1328 


2-1231 


47 •103 


13 


992(i() 


3()7 


•3(;93 


270-783 


59 


61214 


1389 


2-2(581 


44^092 


14 


98899 


503 


•5085 


19(5.(557 


60 


59855 


1156 


2-1336 


4b085 


15 


98396 


683 


•6913 


144-030 


61 


58399 


1529 


2-6197 


38^1 68 


16 


97713 


905 


•92(J4 


107-915 


62 


56870 


1609 


2-8309 


3o-'32?) 


17 


9(J808 


1051 


1 •0886 


91-827 


63 


55261 


1695 


3-0672 


32^605 


18 


95757 


1121 


M717 


85^1 06 


61 


535(56 


1783 


3^3286 


30^039 


19 


94633 


1126 


M908 


83-9(53 


65 


51783 


1876 


3^6151 


27-662 


20 


93507 


1061 


M319 


88-106 


6(5 


49907 


1959 


3-9267 


25-465 


21 


92116 


932 


1-0070 


99-305 


67 


47918 


2039 


4-2541 


23-507 


22 


91514 


830 


•9065 


110-314 


68 


45909 


2110 


4-5972 


21-753 


23 


90681. 


756 


•8335 


11 9^976 


69 


43799 


2170 


4-9562 


20-178 


24 


89928 


709 


•7880 


126-904 


70 


41629 


2219 


5-3310 


18-758 


25 


89219 


687 


•7699 


129-887 


71 


39110 


2254 


5-7215 


17-176 


26 


88532 


690 


•7793 


128-320 


72 


37156 


2269 


6-1079 


16-372 


27 


87812 


690 


•7852 


127-356 


73 


34887 


2264 


6-4900 


15-408 


28 


87152 


687 


•7877 


126^9.52 


74 


32623 


2210 


6-8680 


14-560 


29 


86165 


680 


•7867 


127-113 


75 


30383 


2200 


7-2417 


13-808 


30 


85785 


671 


•7823 


127^828 


76 


28183 


2145 


7-6112 


13-139 


31 


85114 


659 


•7744 


129.132 


77 


26038 


2090 


8^0283 


12.156 


32 


81455 


651 


■7713 


129^(551 


78 


23948 


2033 


8-4929 


11-774 


33 


83804 


618 


•7731 


129.319 


79 


21915 


1973 


9-0051 


11-105 


34 


83156 


618 


■7797 


128.255 


80 


19942 


1907 


9.5649 


10155 


35 


82508 


(i5'6 


•7912 


126^390 


81 


18035 


1830 


10.1723 


9-833 


36 


81855 


661 


.8075 


123.839 


82 


16205 


1729 


10.6987 


9-346 


37 


81194 


666 


.8208 


121.832 


83 


14476 


1600 


11.0564 


9-042 


38 


80528 


6t)9 


.8312 


120.308 


84 


12876 


1445 


11-2253 


8^905 


39 


79859 


670 


.8387 


119.232 


85 


11431 


1290 


11-2924 


8^857 


40 


79189 


6(i8 


.8432 


118.596 


86 


10141 


1153 


11-3768 


8^787 


41 


78521 


(i(i3 


.8447 


118.385 


87 


8988 


1049 


11^6788 


8^562 


42 


77858 


669 


.8589 


116-428 


88 


7939 


982 


12-3700 


8^084 


43 


77189 


684 


.8858 


112-892 


89 


6957 


948 


13-6294 


7-337 


44 


76505 


708 


.9252 


108-085 


90 


6009 


928 


15-1410 


6-477 


45 


75797 


741 


•9773 


102-323 


91 


5081 


903 


17^7744 


5-627 


46 


75056 


782 


10421 


95-969 


92 


4178 


864 


20^6794 


4-836' 


47 


74274 


827 


1-1128 


89-817 


93 


3314 


805 


24-2828 


4-119 


48 


73447 


871 


1-1895 


84-034 


94 


2509 


719 


28-6461 


3-490 


49 


72573 


923 


1-2723 


78-616 


95 


1790 


609 


31^0210 


2-939 


50 


71650 


975 


1-3610 


73-475 


96 


1181 


483 


40^8812 


2-446 


51 


70(575 


1029 


1 -1565 


68-634 


97 


698 


339 


48^5636 


2^059 


52 


69()1(5 


1078 


1-5181 


64-599 


98 


359 


212 


58^9984 


l-(595 


53 


68568 


1123 


1-6383 


61-0.50 


99 


147 


97 


66^0;570 


\-oU 


54 


67415 


1164 


r7261 


57-937 


100 


50 


50 


85^0000 


1-176 


55 


6(i2Sl 


1200 


1-8116 


55^18S 













IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



49 



The Population in Table F was shewn to be bisected at ages 68-9, while among 
the Labourers that will be seen to take place at ages 71-2. The sum of the series of 
differences of the points of equal specific intensity between the Rural, Town, and City 
Districts respectively, and Table C, were shewn to be 55, 23, and 5 ; but the sum of the 
same order of differences for Table I is 78 ; so that the difference between Labourers and the 
General Results for the Rural Disti'icts is more than equivalent to the mean difference 
between To^vns and Cities and the Rural Districts. It will also be seen that the sum of the 
series of differences of the points of equal specific intensity in the Rural Districts generally, 
and the Labourers, is 46, being above the mean of 55 and 23. 

The difference for the equation of life to 

Age 10, between Rural and To-^vn Districts, is 4 years. 
„ „ Town and City ,, 3 ,, 

and ,, Labourers and Rural ,, 3 „ 

So that, in this general way of viewing the question, employment produces as wide a dis- 
tinction as locality. 

If Table J is now referred to, it wiU be seen that the Expectation of Life among 
Labourers in the Rural Districts exceeds the Expectation of the Rural Districts generally 
throughout the whole term of life. At decennial ages the foUoAving is the relative value 
of life. 



Age. 


Rural Di^,t^icts. 


Difference in JTav 


our of Labourers. 


Age. 


General Results. 


Labourers. 








G. 


J. 


In Years. 


Per Cent. 




20 


45-3550 


47-9063 


2-5513 


5-6251 


20 


30 


38-4073 


40-5972 


2-1899 


5-7017 


30 


40 


30-9724 


32-7693 


1-7969 


5-8016 


40 


50 


23-4700 


25-0745 


1-6045 


6-8500 


50 


60 


16-6524 


17-8205 


1-1681 


7-8146 


60 


70 


10-9124 


11-3498 


0-4374 


4-0072 


70 



The preceding arrangements, however, do not shew the fall influence of employment 
on health, or rather that of an individual employment on health ; for, in making com- 
parisons of classes with any standard, that standard ought not to include the class held in 
comparison, but be the residue left by abstracting that class from the general results ; other- 
wise the effect of that class, ki changing the integral expression, will not be seen to its full 
extent, and the concealment of the real difference will be the greater in proportion to the 

o [tigh 



50 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table J. 
Expectation of Life. 









No. 3. 








No. 3. 




No. 1. 


No. 2. 


Plumbers, 




No. 1. 


No. 2. 


IMuinbers, 




Labourers. 


Clerks. 


Painters, &c. 




Labourers. 


Clerks. 


Painters, fitc. 


Ages. 


Rural Districts. 


Rural Districts 


Rural Districts, 


Ages. 


Rural Districts. 


Rural Districts, 


Rural Districts, 






Towns & Cities. 


Towns & Cities. 






Towns & Cities 


Towns & Cities. 


10 


56-0054 


39-9856 


43-0665 


56 


20-6469 


13-1183 


13-9984 


11 


55-1333 


39-1425 


42-2160 


57 


19-8919 


12-8824 


13-5324 


12 


54-2590 


38-2964 


41-3626 


58 


19-2307 


12-7101 


13-0637 


13 


53-3907 


37-4498 


40-5.345 


59 


18-5262 


12-5691 


12-6043 


14 


52-5348 


36-6053 


39-7593 


60 


17-8205 


12-4264 


12-1675 


15 


51-6982 


35-7656 


39-0622 


61 


17-1110 


12-2477 


11-7694 


16 


50-8876 


34-9334 


38-4688 


62 


16-3955 


11-9981 


11-4225 


17 


50-1089 


34-1106 


38-0039 


63 


15-6837 


11-6894 


11-1204 


18 


49-3563 


33-3113 


37-6195 


64 


14-9839 


11-3327 


10-8590 


19 


48-6241 


32-5485 


37-2682 ' 


65 


14-3041 


10-9401 


10-6.327 


20 


47-9063 


31-8347 


36-9040 


66 


13-6508 


10-5228 


10-4344 


21 


47-1974 


31-1816 


36-4805 


67 


13-0293 


10-0913 


10-2591 


22 


46-4923 


30-6005 


35-9530 


68 


12-4392 


9-6513 


10-0944 


23 


45-7866 


30-0841 


35-3447 


69 


11-8796 


9-2082 


9-9268 


24 


45-0768 


29-6257 


34-6785 


70 


11-3498 


8-7668 


9-7429 


25 


44-3595 


29-2186 


.33-9757 


71 


10-8489 


8-3252 


9-5287 


26 


43-6308 


28-8570 


33-2580 


72 


10-3763 


7-8984 


9-2704 


27 


42-8876 


28-5353 


32-5447 


73 


9-9239 


7-4811 


8-9762 


28 


42-1.326 


28-2300 


31-843(3 


74 


9-4844 


7-0728 


8-6547 


29 


41-3682 


27-9180 


31-1625 


75 


9-0505 


6-6729 


8-3143 


30 


40-5972 


27-5761 


30-5082 


76 


8-6152 


6-3805 


7-9630 


31 


39-8221 


27-1815 


29-8874 


77 


8-1720 


5-8940 


7-6107 


32 


39-0449 


26-7122 


29-3066 


78 


7-7372 


5-5175 


7-2572 


33 


38-2658 


26-1825 


28-7474 


79 


7-32.54. 


5-1552 


6-9268 


34 


37-4848 


25-6065 


28-1916 


80 


6-9510 


4-8090 


6-5043 


35 


36-7014 


24-9977 


27-6222 


81 


6-6274 


4-4816 


6-1823 


36 


35-9159 


24-3689 


27-0-224 


82 


6-3690 


4-1749 


5-8817 


37 


35-1278 


23-7326 


26-3772 


83 


6-1485 


3-8872 


5-5915 


38 


34-3394 


23-096S 


25-7004 


84 


5-9381 


3-6182 


5-3005 


39 


33-5527 


22-4692 


25-0052 


85 


5-7094 


3-3677 


4-997'' 


40 


32-7693 


21-8573 


24-3046 


86 


5-4321 


2-1.327 


4-6702 


41 


31-9909 


21-2677 


23-6096 


87 


5-0775 


2-9133 


4-3045 


42 


31-2136 


20-7065 


22-9313 


88 


4-6692 


2-7099 


3-9243 


43 


30-4465 


20-1611 


22-2563 


89 


4-2364 


2-5225 


3-5482 


44 


29-6814 


19-6190 


21-5728 


90 


3-8025 


2-3490 


3-1915 


45 


28-9164 


19-0684 


20-8694 


91 


3-3766 


2-1939 


2-8651 


46 


28-1496 


18-4982 


20-1808 


92 


2-9789 


2-0570 


2-5786 


47 


27-3793 


17-8986 


19-3622 


93 


2-6054 


1-9356 


2-3248 


48 


26-6083 


17-2822 


18-5799 


94 


2-2510 


1-8200 


2-0937 


49 


25-8392 


16-6G12 


17-8161 


95 


1-9194 


1-7000 


1.8727 


50 


25-0745 


lG-0465 


17-0955 


96 


1-6133 


1-5455 


1 -6534 


51 


24-3158 


15-4482 


16-4400 


97 


1-3291 


1-3400 


1-4101 


52 


23-5657 


14-8755 


15-8700 


98 


1-0652 


1-1153 


1-1538 


53 


22-8241 


14-3426 


15-3622 


99 


•8390 


•8333 


-8878 


54 


22-0904 


13-8631 


14-8944 


100 


-5000 


•5000 


-5000 


55 


21-3650 


13-4205 


14-4464 











IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



51 



Table J, continued. 
Expectation of Life. 





No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 
Rural Districts 




No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. ' 
Rural Districts 




Bakers. 


Miners. 


after 




Bakers. 


Miner.«. 


after 


Ages 


. Rural Districts 


, Rural Districts 


Abstracting 


Ages. 


Rural Districts 


, Rural Districts 


, Abstracting 
3. Labourers. 




Townsand Cities. Towns & Citie 


3. Labourers. 




Towns & Cities 


. Towns & Citie 


10 


47-9816 


48-5160 


50-7552 


56 


16-2677 


13-7412 


18-6229 


11 


47-1704 


4 77069 


49-8711 


57 


15-7171 


13-2077 


17-9726 


12 


46-3562 


46-8949 


48-9847 


58 


15-1686 


12-7149 


17-3289 


13 


45-5423 


46-0832 


48-1190 


59 


14-6187 


12-2644 


16-6938 


14 


44-7323 


45-2750 


47-2957 


60 


14-0632 


11-8590 


16-0696 


15 


43-9287 


44-4738 


46-5349 


61 


13-4982 


11-5012 


15-4578 


16 


43-1353 


43-6831 


45-8567 


62 


12-9205 


11-1943 


14-8599 


17 


42-3547 


42-9052 


45-2802 


63 


12-3405 


10-9205 


14-2781 


18 


41-5807 


42-1417 


44-7722 


64 


11-7673 


10-6619 


13-7141 


19 


40-8068 


41-3967 


44-2980 


65 


11-2086 


10-4012 


13-1690 


20 


40-0268 


40-6700 


43-8255 


66 


10-6718 


10-1208 


12-6453 


21 


39-2355 


39-9630 


43-3227 


67 


10-1629 


9-8028 


12-1415 


22 


38-4274 


39-2781 


42-7588 


68 


9-6779 


9-4554 


11-6585 


23 


37-6134 


38-5999 


42-1456 


69 


9-2130 


9-0855 


11.1961 


24 


36-8031 


37-9134 


41-4957 


70 


8-7647 


8-7000 


10-7536 


25 


36-0057 


37-2047 


40-8215 


71 


8-3292 


8-3043 


10-3310 


26 


35-2305 


36-4607 


40-1341 


72 


7-9028 


7-9048 


9-9274 


27 


34-4857 


35-6692 


39-4457 


73 


7-4856 


7-5043 


9-5405 


28 


33-8398 


34-8451 


38-7541 


74 


7-0775 


7-1057 


9-1679 


29 


33-0556 


34-0032 


38-0580 


75 


6-6637 


6-6730 


8-8070 


30 


32-3572 


33-1573 


37-3557 


76 


6-2872 


6-2805 


8-4554 


31 


31-6605 


32-3201 


36-6463 


77 


5-8995 


5-8937 


8-1108 


32 


30-9597 


31-50.34 


35-9283 


78 


5-5238 


5-5174 


7-7750 


33 


30-2455 


30-6987 


35-20,35 


79 


5-1618 


5-1545 


7-4499 


34 


29-5094 


29-8978 


34-4739 


80 


4-8168 


4-8085 


7 1374 


35 


28-7434 


29-0930 


33-7408 


81 


4-4904 


4-4815 


6-8539 


36 


27-9398 


28-2770 


33-0059 


82 


4-1749 


4-1743 


6-5552 


37 


27-0927 


27-4435 


32-2706 


83 


3-8877 


3-8868 


6-2784 


38 


26-2210 


26-6009 


31-5333 


84 


3-6195 


3-6185 


5-9964 


39 


25-3429 


25-7574 


30-7933 


85 


3-3687 


3-3675 


5-6913 


40 


24-4756 


24-9204 


30-0496 


86 


3-1343 


3-1329 


5-3516 


41 


23-6309 


24-0960 


293010 


87 


2-9159 


2-91.34 


4-9740 


42 


22-8249 


23-2900 


28-5463 


88 


2-7123 


2-7092 


4-5651 


43 


22-0738 


22-5042 


27-7893 


89 


2-5249 


2-5209 


4-1389 


44 


21-3936 


21-7382 


27-0333 


90 


2-.3531 


2-3492 


3-7130 


45 


20-7992 


20-99.30 


26-2812 


91 


2-1991 


2-1920 


3-2998 


46 


20-3060 


20-2680 


25-5357 


92 


2-0655 


2-0574 


2-8994 


47 


19-9,306 


19-5639 


24-7993 


93 


1-9494 


1-9379 


2-5320 


48 


19-6301 


18-8763 


24-0729 


94 


1-8455 


1-8280 


2-1839 


49 


19-3638 


18-2011 


23 -.3568 


95 


1-7256 


1-7018 


1-8603 


50 


19-0910 


17-5.346 


22-6512 


96 


1-5897 


1-5448 


1-5618 


51 


18-7710 


16-8730 


21-9568 


97 


1-3888 


1-3421 


1-2965 


52 


18-3646 


16-21.35 


21-2738 


98 


1-1666 


1-1000 


1-0487 


53 


17-8918 


15-5645 


20-6004 


99 


•8333 


•8333 


-8401 


54 


17-3722 


14-9176 


19-9351 


100 


-5000 


•5000 


•5000 


55 


16-8251 


14-3131 


19-2764 











52 



DUEATION OF LIFE 



high ratio which the numbers of the class compared bear to the total numbers, 
example : — 



For 



Let a 1= 20 per cent, and represent the total results or general average ; and 
" ~ "^ fPsr cent, and represent classes composing the general average A; 

17 C ZZl it) J* 

then, if either class b or class c were compared with the total result or general average, the 
apparent difference Avould be only 5 per cent. ; while the actual difference between it and 
the residue class is 10 per cent. Hence, if any class of results be compared with the 
general results in wliich that is also included, the apparent difference wiU always be less 
than the actual difference, whether the effect of that class be to increase or decrease the 
ratio of the general results. 

The facts forming Table I No. 1 have therefore been eliminated from the general 
results for the Rural Districts ia Table E, and the residue formed into another Life Table, 
from which Table I No. 6 has been deduced ; and it wiU be found that the specific intensity 
for the Rural Districts generally is as high 

at Age 20 in Table F Rural Districts as at Age 16 for the Residue. 

30 „ „ 16 

40 „ „ 35 

50 „ „ 48 

60 „ „ 58 

70 „ „ 69 

The corresponding points of equal specific intensity for the Residue at 

Age 20 in Table I No. 6 is as high as Age 52 for Labourers in Table I, No. 1 ; 



30 
40 
50 
60 
70 



44 
48 
55 
65 

72 



Half the popvUation dies off at Age 65-66 in the Residue, at Age 68-9 in the General 
Average, and at Age 71-2 in the Labourers. 

The great distinction between the value of life among the labouring population in the 
Rural Districts, and the rest of the Rural Districts, is therefore obvious; and con- 
clusively shews, that even in the same locahty, in the Rural Districts of the countrj^ where 
aU the supposed contaminating influences of Ul-ventilated houses, narrow streets, bad 
sewerage, poisoned air, epidemic town fevers, and factoiy restraints, are absent, there is 
nevertheless a very great superiority in the value of life in one class over another. In the 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 53 

liural Districts recited in the early part of this Paper, very little difference can be supposed 
to exist between the means of support and the various habits of life of the members of 
Friendly Societies. In fact, they may be presumed to assimilate as near to each other's 
condition as any means of classification can suggest, the only diflerence between the 
individual members being difference of employment or occu.pation ; and therefore, in 
classifying the various trades, pure elements may be said to be brought into comparison, 
the only distinction being difference of occupation. 

It has already been stated that any thing like a complete inquiry into the influence 
of employment on health is not contemplated in this Paper. A few illustrations only wiU 
be brought forward to aid the other branch of the inquiry, and by which it will be seen 
that, independently of locality, difference of employment has a marked effect on the 
duration of life. 

If this position can be fairly established, it will follow as a direct consequence, that 
wherever an excess of unhealthy trades are congregated, there must also be an increased 
rate of mortality independent of the local influence ; for if the same trades were placed in 
any other district, there would stiU be an increased rate of mortality simply in virtue of the 
trade or occupation. 

At Ages 30-35, the general mortality of the To-wn Districts exceeds that of the Rural 
by 14.981 per cent, of the whole mortality at that period of life; but if the class design- 
ated Labourers were abstracted from the Rural Districts, the mortality of the residue would 
be increased 6.181 per cent, of the original ratio. But suppose a still further change to 
take place, and that the class named Labourers is not only abstracted from the Rural 
Districts, but added to the Town Districts ; this arrangement would affect the respective 
mortalities to such an extent, that instead of the mortality of the To"wn Districts exceeding 
that of the Rural Districts by 14.981 per cent., it woidd fall short of it by 1.831 per cent, 
of the whole mortality at that period of life. In like manner also would other periods of 
life be affected. It is evident, therefore, that the Residue of the population in the Rural 
Districts has a factitious value assigned to it, from being mixed up Avith the class called 
Labourers ; and that in any attempt to discover the relative values of life in different 
localities, unless employment were made an element in the comparison, an undue value 
would be attached to a great portion of life in the Rural Districts. The nature of the 
Rural Districts is such, that a great proportion of the upgro-vvn population must consist of 
Agricultural and other Labourers. In the facts here collected, they amount to 33 per cent. ; 
and their lives being of higher value than the average lives in the district, it is no more fair 
to judge of the value of life and the influence of locality on the residue of the population 
from calculations involving the consideration of all the lives generally, than it would be 
just to compare the value of life in the Residue in the preceding illustration with Town 

p 



54 DUIIATION OF LIFE 

life, and draw the conclusion that life in the Rural Districts was of less value than in 
the To^vn Distiicts ; for in both cases a factitious value is assigned, by being mixed 
Txp "\\'ith a favourable class. 

From the preceding remarks it is evident that in particular occupations, even in the 
Rural Districts, life is of less value than in others. Those occupations cannot be said to 
be less healthy from the objectionable features peculiar to large Towns and Cities, for 
they must be supposed under very fixvourable circumstances for prolonged life. In Table H, 
No. 4, is given the expectation of life in sixteen trades in the Rural Districts, selected 
at random, -without any pre\'ious knowledge as to whether they were healthy or other- 
wise. An inspection of this Table -sviU shew, that in those sixteen trades, (namely. 
Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, Weavers, Butchers, Millwrights, Stonemasons, Cabinet- 
makers, Prmters, Bakers, Bricklayers, Wheelwrights, Tailors, Cordwainers and Shoemakers, 
Sawyers, Clerks, Carpenters and Joiners, and Blacksmiths,) the value of hfe is less than 
the average for the whole Rural Districts ; and Labourers wei'e before shewn to be more 
healthy than the average results. It is therefore clear, that if a given District were 
chiefly made up of the class whose lives are above the average value, or of those below it, 
that the general residts for that District would be of high or low value accordingly. 

A very small portion of the population in either the Town or City Districts can 
foUow agricultural pursuits ; and therefore the standard of life in those Districts will be 
lowered in consequence of that circumstance alone ; but on farther examination it will be 
found that the comparative value of life in those districts is not only lowered in consequence 
of the absence of many of the most healthy occupations conunon to the Rural Districts, but 
that it is still further decreased by the presence of some of the most unhealthy employments, 
not to be found, or at least to a very limited extent, in the Rural Districts. In other 
words, the eflfect of the occupations is such, that if the same people were placed in the 
Rural Districts, no matter over how much surfixce they were spread, in order to avoid the 
influence supposed to connect itself with the congregation of large luimbers into towns, 
stiU the mortaUty would be much higher among the people thus conditioned, than among, 
the average of the rural population in ordinary circumstances. 

If the view brought forward be correct, that the mortahty of Towns and Cities is 
increased from the existence of a high proportion of trades which are in themselves 
unhealthy, independent of the influence of the locality, it should follow that the difference 
found by a comparison of the rate of mortality of a given numlx-r of trades in one district, 
with that of the same trades in another district, slioidd be less than the difterence between 
the rates of mortahty for the general results of the same districts. If the differences of 
the decennial periods from 10 to 70 in the general results for Rural and ToAvn Districts be 
taken, the smu of the differences will be found to amount to 19.3299 years ; Init tlie sum 
of the differences at the coiTCsponding periods for tlie IG Trades formerly referred to is 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



55 



only 16.3868 years; being less than the other by about 15 per cent. For alike reason it 
should follow, that if the diiferences at the same periods between the 16 Trades and the 
general results of each district be taken, they should amount to less in the Town than 
in the Rural Districts ; and accordingly in the Rural Districts the sum of the differences 
is found to be 4.7029 years, while in the Town Districts it is only 1.7598 years. 

In order to afford stiU further evidence of the effect on the average value of life 
l)y the prevalence of particular trades, a few other cases will be submitted ; and to 
render the illustrations more simple, they will be given for the average of the Three 
Districts, or rather with the Three Districts conjoined; and consequently they must be 
brought into comparison with the General Results for the Three Districts as given in 
Tables F and C. 

An inspection of Table I will shew that the equation of life in Miners is at Ages 6 1-2 ; 
in Bakers, at Ages 59-60 ; Plumbers Painters and Glaziers, at 56-7 ; and Clerks, at so early 
a period of life as 51-2. In F, for the Three Districts combined, the same result appeared 
at Ages 66-7, shewing a difference of 5, 7, 10, and 15 years respectively; and the following 
Abridgement of Table J will shew the marked difference m the expectation of life in these 
emplo}Tiients at five decennial periods. 



Age?. 


Kural, Town, 

& City Districts. 

G. 


nerks. 
J, No. 2. 


Plumber?, 

Painter?, and 

Glaziers. 

J, No. 3. 


Bakers. 
J, No. 4. 


Miners. 
J, No. .5. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 


43-7736 
36-6051 
29-3306 
22-1920 
15-6942 


31-8347 
27-5761 
21-8573 
16-0465 
12-4264 


36-9040 
30-5082 
24-3046 
17-0955 
12-1675 


400268 
32-3572 
24-4756 
19-0910 
14-0632 


40-6700 
33-1573 
24-9204 
17-5346 
11-8590 



The very remarkable difference between the above employments and the General 
Results, cannot fail to occasion some surprise; and at the same time conclusively prove, that 
any district containing a majority of the above, or other equally unhealthy employ- 
ments, must shew a very reduced average value of life for the district, independent of the 
influence of the local situation itself on health. 

It will no doubt cause some uneasiness in the minds of inquirers to find, that so 
highly important and industrious a class of men as Clerks should stand lowest in the scale 
of the above employments ; and that from 20 to 60 their expectation of life should be only 
75 per cent, of the general average. The expectation of life among Plumbers Painters and 
Glaziers in the same period is equal to 81 per cent., Mmers 85 per cent., and Bakers 88 
per cent, of the general avei'age. 

Plumbers Painters and Glaziers will be found next in the scale ; and although much 



56 DUEATION OF LIFE 

below the general average, they are still of considerably higher value than the class 
designated Clerks. 

Bakers, as well as the jircceding class, have long been supposed to be unliealtliy : 
and although no attempt had hitherto been made to ascertain the precise value of 
their lives, it is thought that the present results will shew a much greater difference 
than would be generally calculated upon. The class Miners will be found to rank 
above the three others at the early periods of life, but below them at the latter periods 
of life. 

The remark formerly made should be here kept clearly in view, that the diflference 
found by a comparison of any class with the general results ■\viU always be less than the 
actual difference ; and therefore the effect which the preceding and other unhealthy 
employments have in reducing the average rate of mortality, is still greater than what 
appears by the preceding Table. 

Some large towns or cities are kno-\\ai to represent a less value of life to their inhabi- 
tants generally than other towns; and the explanation visually given of this tlifference 
has been the favourable or unfavourable natvire of the locality, and a change in the san- 
itary regidations of the place looked forward to as a certain remedy ; but a minute 
examination of all the external circumstances affecting life will shew, that the great diver- 
sity in the mortality of certain classes arises from the influence of other agents. In Table H, 
No. 2, is given the expectation of life calculated from the combined data of all trades in 
Liverpool ; and a comparison of this mtli the general results for the Rural Districts will 
shew a much greater difference due to locaUty in the apparent sense, than has hitherto 
been shown by any other tables of the value of life in different localities ; but at the same 
time it will be seen that this difference falls much short of the actual difference between 
different employments. At Age 30 the difference between the expectation of hfe in the 
Rural Districts and in Liverpool is 8.2636 years ; but the difference between Clerks and 
Labourers is 13.0211 years ; and so also at other jieriods of life. It ought to be under- 
stood, that in making this comparison, the influence of employment is shewn to disadvantage ; 
for, as has been already pouited out, every large town has its average lowered by the influence 
of certain trades ; and therefore the actual difference in the above comparison between the 
Rui'al Districts and Liverpool is less than there given : and again, in the comparison 
between Clei'ks and Labourers, the expectation for Clerks has been for the average of the 
three districts ; but if it had been taken for the City Districts only, a much greater 
difference would have been found, and consequently the influence of emplopnents appeared 
the greater. 

From Table K, No. 2, it will appear that there is a uniform decrease in the specific in- 
tensity of life from the conunencement to the end of the table. A comparison will shew that 
the specific mtensities at ages 30, 40, and 50, correspond with the specific intensities at ages 

[45, 54, 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



57 



Table K, No. 1. 
ExiRAL, Tow^jJ AND CiTY DISTRICTS. — Trades NOT CLASSIFIED. — Fe7nales. 



Ages. 


Living. 


D>ing. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


1389 


1-3888 


71-994 


56 


62073 


1061 


1-7094 


58-514 


11 


98611 


1370 


1-3888 


71-994 


57 


61012 


1039 


1-7021 


58-754 


12 


97241 


13.34 


1-3715 


72-886 


58 


59973 


1020 


1-7002 


58-824 


13 


95907 


1282 


1-3368 


74-794 


59 


58953 


1004 


1-7037 


58-685 


14 


94625 


1216 


1-2848 


77-821 


60 


57949 


992 


1-7126 


58-377 


15 


9.3409 


1135 


1-2155 


82-237 


61 


56957 


984 


1-7269 


57-904 


16 


92274 


1042 


1-1288 


88-574 


62 


55973 


1024 


1-8294 


54-675 


17 


912.32 


951 


1-0429 


95-877 


63 


54949 


1110 


2-0202 


49-505 


18 


90281 


865 


-9579 


104-395 


64 


53839 


1238 


2-2991 


43-497 


19 


89416 


781 


•8736 


114-469 


65 


52601 


1403 


2-6663 


37-509 


20 


88635 


700 


•7902 


126-550 


66 


51198 


1598 


3-1216 


32-031 


21 


87935 


622 


-7076 


141-323 


67 


49600 


1792 


3-6120 


27-685 


22 


87313 


569 


-6521 


153-351 


68 


47808 


1978 


4-1375 


24-166 


23 


86744 


541 


-6237 


160-3.34 


69 


45830 


2153 


4-6980 


21-286 


24 


86203 


537 


-6224 


160-668 


70 


43677 


2312 


5-2936 


18-889 


25 


85666 


555 


-6482 


154-273 


71 


41365 


2451 


5-9242 


16-880 


26 


85111 


597 


•7010 


142-653 


72 


38914 


2491 


6-4013 


- 15-623 


27 


84514 


621 


-7349 


136-073 


73 


36423 


2449 


6-7247 


14-870 


28 


83893 


629 


•7499 


133-351 


74 


33974 


2342 


6-8945 


14-503 


29 


83264 


621 


•7462 


134-012 


75 


31632 


2186 


6-9106 


14-470 


30 


82643 


598 


•7237 


138-179 


76 


29446 


1995 


6-7731 


14-765 


31 


82045 


560 


•6825 


146-520 


77 


27451 


1870 


6-8123 


14-680 


32 


81485 


539 


•6618 


151-103 


78 


25581 


1797 


7-0282 


14-229 


33 


80946 


535 


-6615 


151-172 


79 


23784 


1765 


7-4207 


13-475 


34 


80411 


548 


•6816 


146-714 


80 


. 22019 


1759 


7-9899 


12-516 


35 


79863 


577 


•7221 


138-485 


81 


20260 


1770 


8-7357 


11-447 


36 


79286 


621 


•78.30 


127-714 


82 


18490 


1751 


9-4684 


10-562 


37 


78665 


658 


•8367 


119-517 


83 


16739 


1705 


10-1880 


9-814 


38 


78007 


689 


•8833 


113-212 


84 


15034 


1637 


10-8946 


9-183 


39 


77318 


713 


•9227 


108-378 


85 


13397 


1553 


11-5880 


8-628 


40 


76605 


732 


•9550 


104-712 


86 


11844 


1453 


12-2683 


8-150 


41 


75873 


744 


•9800 


102-041 


87 


10391 


1.335 


12-8507 


7-782 


42 


75129 


758 


1-0085 


99-108 


88 


9056 


1316 


14-5351 


6-878 


43 


74371 


774 


P0402 


96-154 


89 


7740 


1294 


16-7216 


5-981 


44 


73597 


791 


1-0754 


93-023 


90 


6446 


1251 


19-4102 


5-152 


45 


72806 


811 


1-1139 


89-767 


91 


5195 


1174 


22-6008 


4-425 


46 


71995 


832 


1-1557 


86-505 


92 


4021 


1009 


26-5925 


3-759 


47 


71163 


861 


1-2095 


82-645 


93 


2952 


881 


29-8333 


3-352 


48 


70302 


897 


1-2753 


78-431 


94 


2071 


684 


33-0399 


3-027 


49 


69405 


939 


1-3531 


73-910 


95 


1387 


504 


36-3589 


2-750 


50 


68466 


988 


1-4428 


69-300 


96 


883 


350 


396498 


2-522 


51 


67478 


1042 


1-5444 


64-767 


97 


533 


241 


45-1555 


2-214 


52 


66436 


1078 


1-6232 


61-614 


98 


292 


155 


52-9127 


1-890 


53 


65358 


1097 


1-6791 


59-559 


99 


137 


84 


61 -.3067 


1-631 


54 


64261 


1100 


1-7121 


58-411 


100 


53 


53 


75-0000 


1-333 


55 


63161 


1088 


1-7222 


58-072 













58 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table K, No. 2. 
Trades not Classified. — Liverpool. — Hales. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity, 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


396 


•3961 


252-462 


56 


53834 


1751 


3-2529 


30^741 


11 


99604 


395 


•3961 


252-462 


57 


52083 


1741 


3-3422 


29^922 


12 


99209 


401 


•4038 


247-647 


58 


50342 


1810 


3^5961 


27-809 


13 


98808 


414 


•4193 


238-493 


59 


48532 


1949 


4^0148 


24-907 


14 


98394 


435 


•4425 


225-989 


60 


46583 


2142 


4^598] 


21-749 


15 


97959 


464 


•4735 


211-193 


61 


44441 


2376 


5-3461 


18-706 


16 


97495 


499 


•5123 


195-198 


62 


42065 


2501 


5-9445 


16-821 


17 


96996 


522 


•5379 


185-908 


63 


39564 


2529 


6-3933 


15-G42 


18 


96474 


531 


•5506 


181-620 


64 


37035 


2479 


6^6925 


14-943 


19 


95943 


528 


•5501 


181-785 


65 


34556 


2364 


6^8421 


14-616 


20 


95415 


512 


•5367 


186^324 


66 


32192 


2203 


6^8421 


14^616 


21 


94903 


484 


•5101 


196-040 


67 


29989 


.2062 


6^8761 


14^543 


22 


94419 


478 


•5061 


197-589 


68 


27927 


1939 


6-9441 


14^401 


23 


93941 


493 


•5247 


190-585 


69 


25988 


1831 


7-0461 


14-192 


24 


93448 


529 


•5657 


176-772 


70 


24157 


1735 


7-1821 


13-924 


25 


92919 


585 


•6294 


158-881 


71 


22422 


1649 


7-3522 


13-602 


2G 


92334 


661 


•7155 


139-762 


72 


20773 


1582 


7-6148 


13^132 


27 


91G73 


722 


•7872 


127-033 


73 


19191 


1530 


7-9700 


12-547 


28 


90951 


768 


•8443 


118-441 


74 


17661 


1487 


8-4178 


11-879 


29 


90183 


800 


•8870 


112-740 


75 


16174 


1449 


8-9582 


11-632 


30 


89383 


818 


•9151 


109-278 


76 


14725 


1412 


9-5911 


10^426 


31 


88565 


823 


•9288 


107-666 


77 


13313 


1380 


10-3620 


9-653 


32 


87742 


840 


•9576 


104-428 


78 


11933 


1345 


11-2708 


8-873 


33 


86902 


871 


1^0017 


99-800 


79 


10588 


1304 


12-3175 


8-117 


34 


86031 


913 


1^0611 


94-251 


80 


9284 


1254 


13-5021 


7-407 


35 


85118 


967 


1 •1.356 


88-028 


81 


8030 


1190 


14-8247 


6-748 


36 


84151 


1031 


1-2254 


81-633 


82 


6840 


1111 


16^2427 


6-158 


37 


83120 


1090 


1-3108 


76-278 


83 


5729 


1017 


17-7563 


5-631 


38 


82030 


1142 


1-3918 


71-839 


84 


4712 


913 


19-3654 


5-163 


39 


80888 


1188 


1 -4685 


68-074 


85 


3799 


800 


21^0700 


4-746 


40 


79700 


1228 


1^5407 


64-893 


86 


2999 


686 


22-8702 


4-373 


41 


78472 


1262 


1-6086 


62-150 


87 


2313 


574 


24-7975 


4-032 


42 


77210 


1302 


1-6863 


59-312 


88 


1739 


467 


26-8519 


3-724 


43 


75908 


1346 


1^7737 


56-370 


89 


1272 


' 378 


29-0335 


3-445 


44 


74562 


1395 


1^8709 


53-447 


90 


894 


280 


31-3423 


3-191 


45 


73167 


1447 


1^9778 


50-556 


91 


614 


207 


33-7782 


2-960 


46 


71720 


1502 


2-0945 


47-733 


92 


407 


147 


36-0224 


2-776 


47 


70218 


1569 


2-2339 


44-763 


93 


260 


99 


38-0748 


2-627 


48 


68649 


1645 


2-3960 


41-736 


94 


161 


64 


39-9356 


2-504 


49 


67004 


1729 


2-5808 


38^745 


95 


97 


40 


41-6047 


2-404 


50 


65275 


1820 


2^7883 


35-868 


96 


57 


25 


43-0820 


2^321 


51 


63455 


1915 


3^0185 


.33-124 


97 


32 


15 


47-3179 


2-113 


52 


61540 


1962 


3^1876 


31-368 


98 


17 


9 


53^9970 


\-852 


53 


59578 


1964 


3^2956 


30-340 


99 


8 


5 


61-3067 


1-631 


54 


57614 


1926 


3^3425 


29-913 


100 


3 


3 


75^0000 


1-333 


55 


55688 


1854 


3^3282 


30-048 













IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



59 



45, 54, and 63 in the Rural Districts ; Ages 38, 49, and 57 in the Towais ; Ages 29, 42, 
and 59 in the Cities; and at Ages 39, 51, and 61 in the Three Districts combined. A 
fiirther inspection of the same table wiU shew that half the population dies off between 
the ages 58-9, — an earher period than in the City Districts of Table F by 3 years. 

In Table H, No. 2, the expectation of life for aU trades in Liverpool will be found to 
be lower than the expectation given in Table G for the City Districts generally. The 
following shews the difference at decennial periods of Life. 



Ages. 


City Districts. 
Table G. 


Liverpool. 


Difference. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 


40-0148 
32-8603 
26-0873 
19-9271 
13-7685 


37-9553 
301437 
23-1524 
17-0946 
11-9626 


2-0595 
2-7166 
2-9349 
2-8325 
1-8059 



So far as a general inspection of the above results would suffice, it might be inferred 
that Liverpool is less healthy than the average of the large cities in England ; but it is 
necessary here again to keep in view the pecuhar aggregation of employments which are 
in themselves unhealthy, independent of the locality ; for it so happens, that the class of 
Labourers in large cities is subject to a very high rate of mortahty, and that the peculiar 
business of Liverpool occasions a great preponderance of that class in the dock, and other 
employments of that kind, a large proportion of which enters into the above results. 

It has been shewn ua Table F, for the Three Districts, that the expectation of hfe for 
Members of Friendly Societies over the country generally, is higher than that for the whole 
population of England and Wales as given in Table D. In hke manner it will also be 
found, that the expectation of life among the members of Friendly Societies in Liverpool is 
also higher than the expectation for the general population of Liverpool. 

At page XXVII. of the 5th Report of the Registrar General will be found a table 
of the Expectation of Life for the To^vn of Liverpool ; and assuming that it gives a 
correct representation of the value of hfe of the whole population, we shall find the 
comparative value of hfe between the Members of Friendly Societies and the general 
population in the following Table : — 



Age. 


Expectation of Life in 
Liverpool. 


Difference in Favour of 
Friendly Societies in Liverpool. 


Friendly Societies. 


Whole Population. 


In Years, 


Per Cent. 


20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 


37-9553 
33-9067 
30-14.37 
26-5260 
23-1524 
19-9908 
17-0946 


33-0000 
30-0000 
27-0000 
23-0000 
21-0000 
18-0000 
16-0000 


4-9553 
3-9067 
3-1437 
3-5260 
2-1524 
1-9908 
1-0946 


15-0160 
13-0223 
11-6433 
15-3303 
10-2500 
11-0600 
5-6922 



60 DURATION OF LIFE 

A careful consideration of aU the preceding oljscrvations, it is believed, wiU he suf- 
ficient to shew that tlie excessive mortality of the general population of Liverpool must 
be due to some other cause than simply that of locality. The persons over whom the 
observations in the first column extend, being members of Friendly Societies, and ahnost 
exclusively workinen and mechanics, of necessity inhabit the inferior class of houses, 
in the worst conditioned streets ; and it is therefore unpossible that they can escape the 
contagious effect of the pestilential diseases supposed to be the scourge of unhealthy 
neighbourhoods : and admitting this, the results given for the Friendly Societies must 
evidence all the legitimate effects due to locality ; and therefore the excessive mortality of 
the general population is due to some other cause — such as the poverty and distress which, 
unhappily, are allowed to remain so much neglected in tlic large manufacturing and 
commercial towns of the kingdom. If any part of this argument were to be met by the 
.statement, that the higher expectation of life given for the members of Friendly Societies 
in Liverpool than for the general community, may be accounted for by the omission of 
some very unliealthy trades; this would be sufficiently answered by the fact, that 175 
employments are included, and, as lias been already shewn, some of them the most 
unhealthy occupations ; so tliat a fair average may be said to be taken. A similar 
objection might also seem to apply against the general results for the whole kingdom ; 
but if it is recollected that upwards of four hundred trades are included, the force of the 
objection will disappear. 

It is evident from all that has been said, that the peculiar sanitary condition of large 
towns has not the remarkable effect Avhich many have supposed in shortening the duration 
of life ; stUl, it has some effect, and the nature and extent of that influence it is important 
to understand. l)ut a rude estimate only can be made, imtil the value of life in 
every important emplopnent, occupation, or trade has been investigated, for the various 
localities or districts, on some such plan as that given in the present paper ; and then 
grouping or classifying a given number of these coimnon to different localities : the result 
arrived at would shew the precise amount of influence which a particular District, City, or 
ToAvn, has on the duration of life. A partial or limited comparison of a few trades would 
not be adequate to answer definitely this question, but an accurate combination of a 
sufficiently large number of trades, to guard against the effect of fluctuation. 

In the beginning of this Paper it was stated, that to carry out the question in this 
extended degree, was a task of too imposing a nature on the present occasion ; and that 
such iUusti-ations would only be brought forward, as Avould be necessary to' solve the more 
iimnediate question. 

On the general mortality of large towns especially, little confidence should be placed, 
even although every other precaution as to distinction of age and other conditions be taken ; 
for fallacies from two sources are apt to enter : — First, if, in comparisons of large to-wTis, 



IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 



61 



precisely the same classes of trades do not exist, errors will arise from that circumstance ; — 
and in the second place, although the same classes of trades do exist in both places, unless 
the proportionate niunbers to the whole population be the same, errors in the result must 
arise. The nature of the error in the first case is plain, from the fact that different trades 
are in the same place influenced by different rates of mortality ; and if any given trade 
is wanting, its tendency to alter the general average wUl be lost. The error in the second 
case is of a like nature ; for if the absence of the whole cl&ss affect the general result, the 
absence of a fraction of that class must also affect it, although not to the same extent. 
Illustrations confirmatory of this have already been given when discussing the influence of 
the class of Labourers, and also the Sixteen Trades combined, on the general averages for 
the respective Districts ; and a recurrence to those illustrations will be sufficient to shew 
the truth of the present observations. 

An inspection of Table K, No. 1, will shew the Rate of Mortality for Female Life 
among the jMembers of Friendly Societies in England and Wales, for the Rural, Town, and 
City Districts combined. The Tables for Male and Female Life here given, seem to 
possess in many respects the same relation as those given for Male and Female Life gene- 
rally in England and Wales ; the Specific Intensity at the earlier periods being higher for 
Male than Female Life, crossing each other at the middle periods, and turning in favour 
of Female Life at the advanced ages. It wiU be seen that the Male Population of Table F 
for the Three Districts is bisected at 66-7, and that the Female Population in Table K, No. 1, 
is also bisected at the same period of life. In the general population of the country the 
same thing takes place a year later among Females than among ]\Iales. 

The Expectation for Female Life, for the general results of Friendly Societies, vnR be 
found in Table H, No. 1 ; and the following Abstract wiU shew the relative value of Mah 
and Female Life in the country generally, as well as in Friendly Societies : — 



Age. 


Expectation of Life in England and Wales. 


Expectation of Life among 
the Members of I'riendly Societies. 


Males. 


Females. 


Difference. 


Males. 


Females. 


Difference. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


40-6910 
34-0990 
27-4760 
20-8463 
14-5854 
9-2176 


41-5982 
351671 
28-7330 
22-0545 
15-5230 
9-8409 


•9072 

1-0681 

1 -2570 

1-2082 

-9396 

-9376 


43-7736 
36-6051 
29-3306 
22-1920 
15-6942 
10-2057 


45-2640 
38-1841 
30-7813 
23-8200 
17-2380 
10-9750 


1-4904 
1-5790 
1-4507 

1-0280 

1-5 13S 

-7693 



It -wiU thus be seen, that the distinction between ]\Iale and Female Life among the 
Members of Friendly Societies, differs very little from that between the sexes in the 
country generally; and this difference would be considerably reduced if the necessary 
corrections for employments were made, as the data for Male Life in Friendly Societies 

K 



fi2 DURATION OF LIFE IN VARIOUS CLASSES. 

will be composed of a much higher proportion of uuhealthy trades, in relation to the 
whole male population of the country, than the data for Female Life in comparison to 
the whole female population. This coincidence of course tends to strengthen the confi- 
dence to be reposed in both classes of results, and brings forward an additional argument 
against the sufficiency of certain inquiries hitherto made, shewing in some instances so 
wide a distinction between the value of life in the sexes. 



DUUATION OF LIFE IN SCOTLAND. 



A SEPARATE set of retums was procured from Societies in Scotland, and the facts em- 
bodied in them have been combined into a distinct class of tables, to which reference will be 
presently made. The results thus derived will be of the more importance, as serving to con- 
firm those obtained from the English Societies ; and their value in this respect is enhanced 
by the fact, that the Scotch returns extend over a period of twelve years, while those by 
the English Societies were limited to five years. The Scotch returns were also made 
under quite different circumstances from those of the English, and they thus act as checks 
on each other. The nature and extent of the original form in which the information was 
furnished by the retums from Scotland, have already been referred to. 

Table L represents the results for the Scotch Societies, in precisely the same manner 
that Table E did for the English Societies. The places forming the respective Districts in 
Scotland will be found in the Appendix, Note III. 

Tables M and N were subsequently formed from Table L, in the same manner in which 
Tables C and D were formed from B, and Tables F and G from E. An inspection of 
Table M for the Rural Districts, will shew that the Specific Intensity increases in a uni- 
form ratio, from the earliest age in the Table to the extreme of life. A comparison with 
the Eural Districts of England (Table F) will shew a higher Specific Intensity in the Rural 
Districts of Scotland tiU age 34 ; but from that tiU age 54 it is lower in Scotland, and 
from 54 to the end of the Tables the Specific Intensity is sometimes higher and sometimes 
lower. A more general and comprehensive view of the two Tables will be obtained by 
comparing the Equation of Life : for age 10 it takes place between the ages 67-8 in the 
Rural Districts in Scotland, but between ages 68-9 in England. Again the Equation for 
age 30 takes place in both Tables between 70 and 71. Considering the different sources from 
which the data of the two Tables are derived, and the different periods of years over 
which the observations extend, the agreement of the Tables in this respect is somewhat 
remarkable. 

[In the Town of 



64 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table L. 



Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Rural Districts. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 








In Periods. 


At 


In Pen 


ods. 




At 


In 


At 












Each Age, 


Periods. Eac 


hAge 


Total. 


Per Cent. 


Each Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 



















10 


11 


2^ 


















11 


12 


5 


















12 


13 


I 


33 

















13 


14 



















14 


15 


12 
37-^ 


















15 


16 






1 






7-7141 






16 


17 


83 




1 






48-428 


s. 




17 


18 


162 > 


906 


1 > 


6 


0-6623 


128-714 > 


802-713 


0-8860 


18 


19 


264 




1 > 






261-143 






19 


20 


360 




3 






356-714 






20 


21 


488"] 




1== 






496-286"^ 






21 


22 


610 




5 






496-571 






22 


23 


717 > 


3573 


4 . 


24 


0-6717 


521-428 > 


3070-570 


0-8594 


23 


24 


804 




7 






690-714 






24 


25 


954 




7 






865-571 






25 


26 


1067^ 




4^ 






964-286' 






26 


27 


1161 




10 






983-000 






27 


28 


1220 


6058 


10 


41 


0-6768 


817-000 


4645-000 


0-7667 


28 


29 


1290 




6 






862-286 






29 


30 


1320 




11 






1018-428 
911-857' 






30 


31 


1364' 




in 










31 


32 


1372 




8 






827-857 






32 


33 


1357 


■ 6770 


12 


45 


0-6647 


1037-000 


4881-428 


0-7210 


33 


34 


1336 




5 






941-714 






34 


35 


1.341 




9 






1163-000 






35 


36 


1372^ 




14"" 






1180-428' 






36 


37 


1360 




17 






1253-714 






37 


38 


1341 


' 6774 


3 


■ 58 


0-8562 


998-571 


5806-855 


0-8572 


38 


39 


1362 




15 






1172-714 






39 


40 


1339 




9 






1201-428 






40 


41 


1335^ 




14"^ 






1412-571' 






41 


42 


1277 




10 






1112-714 






42 


43 


1227 


. 6211 


10 


53 


0-8533 


1212-286 


■ 6580-428 


1-0595 


43 


44 


1191 




11 






1435-571 






44 


45 


1181 




8J 






1407-286 






45 


46 


1172'' 


_ 


7' 






1519-571' 






46 


47 


1144 


"" 


20 






1653-714 






47 


48 


1128 


■ 5623 


12 


65 


1-1559 


1495-857 


. 7538-713 


1-3407 


48 


49 


1105 




11 






1414-714 






49 


50 


1074 


1 


15j 






1454-857^ 






50 










1 


1 







IN SCOTLAND. 

Table L, continued. 

Trades not Classified. Scotland. Rural Districts. 



65 



Ages. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 




Age. 


At In 


At 


In 


Periods. 


At 


In Periods. 
















Each Age. Periods. 


Each Age 


Total. 


Per Cent. 


Each Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




51 


1015"^ 




12^ 






2014-714"" 
2212-286 






51 


52 


979 




13 










52 


53 


914 > 


4630 


14 > 


61 


1-3175 


1830-857 > 


10481-999 


2-2639 


53 


54 


888 




10 






2227-428 






54 


55 


834 




12, 






2196-714 






55 


56 


79n 




16^ 






2189-57r 






56 


57 


720 




11 






2181-000 






57 


58 


709 


3543 


16 


72 


2-0322 


1918-714 


10844-285 


3-0608 


58 


59 


681 




10 






2220-286 






59 


60 


642 J 




19J 






2334-714 






60 


61 


600^ 




ir 






2125-000" 






61 


62 


552 




13 






2628-286 






62 


63 


497 


2497 


23 


84 


3-3640 


2197-428 


12585-143 


5-0401 


63 


64 


446 




18 






2788-286 






64 


65 


402 




19. 






2846-143 




• 


65 


66 


3471 




ir 






3091-428^ 






66 


67 


308 




11 






3245-286 






67 


68 


282 


1418 


9 


56 


3 9490 


2786-714 


15388-713 


10-8525 


68 


69 


260 




10 






3017-857 






69 


70 


221 




15. 






3247-428 






70 


71 


199' 




isi 






2679-286' 






71 


72 


164 




12 






2559-286 






72 


73 


143 


759 


8 


45 


5-9289 


2680-000 


13450-000 


17-7207 


73 


74 


126 




2 






2585-571 






74- 


75 


127J 




10. 






2945-857 






75 


76 


105 1 




61 






2560-428' 






76 


77 


98 




7 






2531-000 






77 


78 


81 


432 


5 > 


26 


6-0185 


2255-714 > 


11611-999 


26-8796 


78 


79 


78 




5 






2180-857 






79 


80 


70j 




3 






2084-000 






80 


81 


59i 




51 






1837-714' 






81 


82 


51 




11 






1547-000 






82 


83 


36 > 


187 


6 > 
6 


30 


16-0248 


1035-143 > 


5463-714 


29-2123 


83 


84 


25 








643-286 






84 


85 


16 




2J 






400-571 






85 


86 


I4I 




3~ 






423-428' 






86 


87 


9 




2 






294-428 






87 


88 


7 > 


37 


1 > 


8 


21-6216 


236-571 } 


1190-713 


32-1814 


88 


89 


4 




1 






143-143 






89 


90 


3 




1, 






93-143 
2-000' 






90 


91 


r 




r 










91 


92 


... 
















92 


93 


... \ 


1 


... > 


1 


100-0000 


y 


2-000 


2-0000 


93 


94 
















94 


95 


"k 




••■. 






J 






95 






! 49452 




675 


1-3705 




114.344-273 


2-3216 





G6 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table L, continued. 



Trades not Classefied. — Scotland. — Tow^^s. 





Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 


Age. 


Age. 








In 


Periods. 


At 


In Per 


.)ds. 




At 


In 


At 














Each Age. 


Periods. 


EiicliA^ 


e Total. 


Per Crnt. 


Eacli Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


7 


7 














10 


11 


15"| 




^ 






'2-428 "" 






11 


12 


19 










12-000 






12 


13 


17 ) 


99 


^ 






10-286 


29-000 


0-2929 


13 


14 


21 
















14 


15 


27 










4-288 






15 


16 


381 




"i" 






24-143" 






16 


17 


57 










28-714 






17 


18 


86 


436 




3 


0-6881 


91-857 


345-856 


0-7930 


18 


19 


120 




1 






100-428 






19 


20 


•135 




1 






100-714 






20 


21 


1/6 




2" 






157-2861 






21 


22 


206 




3 






271-571 






22 


23 


243 


1154 


1 


i 


0-6066 


245-714 


1153-999 


0-9999 


23 


24 


253 




1 






187-428 






24 


25 


276 










292-OUO 






25 


26 


303 i 




I" 






336-286" 






26 


27 


314 










387-286 






27 


28 


334 


1629 





8 


0-4911 


421-286 


1745-572 


1-0716 


28 


29 


243 




4 






339-000 






29 


30 


SS5 




1 






261-714 






30 


31 


306" 




3" 






312-571" 






31 


32 


338 










272-428 






32 


SQ 


sm 


1551 


'3 


12 


0-7737 


276-000 


■ 1401-284 


0-9035 


'^5 


34 


324 




4 






351-714 






34 


35 


250 




2 






288-571 






'io 


iiQ 


289" 




41 






219-714" 






m 


37 


268 




2 






242-000 






37 


38 


253 ) 


1230 


3 


13 


1-0569 


303-857 


1275-285 


1-0368 


38 


39 


222 




2 






266-000 






39 


40 


198 




2 






243-714 






40 


41 


179" 




3" 






169-143" 






11 


42 


160 




1 






174-000 






•12 


43 


150 > 


744 


... > 


6 


0-8064 


161-000 . 


747-714 


1 -0050 


43 


44 


130 




1 






146-571 






44 


45 


125 




1 




. 


97-000 






45 


46 


120" 




5= 






163-5711 






46 


47 


99 










189-714 






47 


48 


93 - 


471 


"3 > 


10 


2-1231 


201-000 . 


837-285 


1-7777 


48 


49 


85 




1 






151-000 






4.9 


50 


74 




1 






132-000 






50 


















1 1 



•IN SCOTLAND. 

Table L, continued. 

Trades not Classieied. Scotland. Towns. 



67 



Age. 


Population. ' 


DE.\TnS. 


SICIvNESS. 


Age. 


At In 


At 


In Periods. 


At 


In Periods. 
















Each Age Periods. Eac 


hAg 


p Total. 


Per Cent. 


Each Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




51 


75" 




-| 






74-000" 






51 


52 


69 
63 










117-000 






52 


53 


319 


.. > 


2 


0-6270 


101-000 


533-000 


1 6708 


53 


54 


57 




1 






125-000 






54 


55 


55 J 




1 






116-000 






55 


56 


44" 




2" 






78-000" 






56 


57 


41 










39 000 






57 


58 


42 


199 


1 > 


4 


2-0101 


28-000 


227-000 


1-1407 


58 


59 


39 










50-000 






59 


60 


33j 


1 


1 

< 






32-000 






60 


61 


sr 








32-000" 






61 


62 


28 










22-000 






62 


63 


24 


126 


.. > 


4 


3-1746 


53-428 


259-428 


2-0589 


63 


64 


24 




4 






57-000 






64 


65 


19 










95-000 






65 


66 


16^ 




31 






127000^ 






66 


67 


16 




1 
2 > 






89-000 
59-000 > 






67 


68 


13 


64 


7 


10.9375 


461-000 


7-2031 


68 


69 


12 




1 






124-000 






69 


70 


7 








» 


62-000 






70 


71 


8' 




< 






73-000^ 






71 


72 


7 










35 000 






72 


73 


8 > 


36 


. . > 


1 


2-7777 


140-000 > 


474-000 


13-1666 


73 


74 


7 




1 






114-000 






74 


75 


6 










112.000 






75 


76 


7] 




1" 






104-286'' 






76 


77 


7 










71-000 






77 


78 


7 > 


25 


2 > 


4 


16-0000 


109-000 > 


353-286 


14-1314 


78 


79 


2 




1 






17-000 






79 


80 


3J 










52-000 






80 


81 


2"= 




^ 






52-000" 






81 


82 


2 










52-000 






82 


83 


2 \ 


11 


V 


1 


9-0000 


> 


142-000 


12-9090 


83 


84 


3 
















84 


85 


2 




1 






38-000 






85 


86 


1" 










52-000" 






86 


87 


1 










25-000 






87 


88 


1 > 


5 






, 


52-000 > 


233-000 


46-6000 


88 


89 


1 










52-000 






89 


90 


1 










52-000 






90 


91 


n 
















91 


92 


1 
















92 


93 


... > 


2 














93 


94 


















94 


95 


■•■. 
















95 






8108 




82 


1-0113 


10218-709 


1-2603 





6S 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table L, continued. 
Trades not Classified. Scotland. Cities. 



Age. 


Population. 


DEATHS. 


SICKNESS. 




Age. 








In 


Periods. 


• 


In Periods. 




At 
Each Age. 


In 
Periods. Eac 


At 
hAg 






At 
Each Age. 










L- Total. 


Per Cent. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


■... 
















10 


11 




















11 


12 




















12 


13 




















13 


14 




















14 


15 












... 








15 


16 


"^ 


















16 


17 


1 


















17 


18 


1 


21 
















18 


19 


2 


















19 


20 


17j 


















20 


21 


39l 




^ 






23-286" 






21 


22 


76 




1 






47-714 






22 


23 


128 > 


645 


4 


10 


1-5504 


166-143 


495-285 


0-7679 


23 


24 


174 










117-714 






24 


25 


228 




5 






140-428 






25 


26 


288^ 




3" 






177-714~ 






26 


27 


343 




2 






262-714 > 






27 


28 


387 \ 


1888 


4 


22 


1-1653 


366-286 


1749-571 


0-9267 


28 


29 


424 
446 




8 






515-857 > 






29 


30 




5 






427-000 






30 


31 


476^ 




6" 






430-571" 






31 


32 


494 




7 






456-714 






32 


33 


515 > 


2491 


7 


37 


1-4853 


592-143 > 


2572-285 


1-0326 


33 


34 


500 




9 






621-286 






34 


35 


506^ 




1 




' 


471-571 






35 


36 


505] 








515-57r 






36 


37 


506 




9 






444-857 






37 


38 


461 ' 


2304 


7 > 


41 


1-7795 


402-857 > 


2333-427 


1-0128 


38 


39 


432 




10 






502-571 






39 


40 


400 




8 






467-571 






40 


41 


383'' 




8' 






477-857' 






41 


42 


353 




8 






545-143 






42 


43 


320 > 


1612 


5 \ 


32 


1-9852 


297-714 > 


1853-571 


1-1499 


43 


44 


291 




10 






318-714 






44 


45 


2(>5 




1 






214-143 






45 


46 


262^ 




5^ 






415-286* 






46 


47 


256 




6 






455-857 






47 


48 


246 : 


1227 


9 > 


37 


3-0155 


508-857 > 


2682-857 


2-1865 


48 


49 


232 




9 






571-000 






49 


50 


231 




8j 






731-857^ 






50 






1 








1 







IN SCOTLAND. 



69 



Table L, continued. 
Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Cities. 



Age. 


Population. 


deaths. 

. 


SICKNESS. 

. . . . 


Age. 


At 
Each Age 


In 
Periods. 


At 

EacliAg 


I. 


I Periods. 


At 
Each Age. 


In Periods. 




<r Total. 


Per Cent. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




51 


223"~ 




5^ 






746-286^ 






51 


52 


224 




8 






768-714 






52 


53 


211 


■ 1065 


8 


- 37 


3-4742 


671-571 


3244-713 


3-0467 


53 


54 


211 




12 






570-571 






54 


55 


196 




4J 






487-571 






55 


56 


193^ 




■sl 






713-7141 






56 


57 


179 








716-286 






57 


58 


167 


829 


5 \ 


38 


4 5838 


597-143 > 


3247-571 


3-9175 


58 


59 


153 




6 






608-714 






59 


60 


137J 




7j 






611-714 






60 


61 


120^ 




5~ 






658-857^ 






61 


62 


103 


' 


7 






720-714 






62 


63 


93 


462 


5 


21 


4-5455 


588-428 . 


3065-141 


6-8510 


63 


64 


75 










531-714 






64 


65 


7lJ 




4 






565-428 






65 


66 


62^ 




5^ 






427-57r 






66 


67 


52 




1 






485-000 






67 


68 


44 


234 


1 


11 


4-7009 


577-857 > 


2361-142 


10-0904 


68 


69 


41 




2 






503-714 






69 


70 


35 J 




2 






367-000 






70 


71 


301 




r 






526-286"" 






71 


72 


29 










698-286 






72 


73 


26 > 


130 


2 


12 


9-2308 


654-000 > 


3128-572 


24-0659 


73 


74 


25 




4 






695-000 






74 


75 


20 J 




5 






555-000 


, 




75 


76 


151 




• r 






486-000" 






76 


77 


10 




1 






300-000 






77 


78 


9 > 


49 


. . . > 


4 


8-1632 


316-000 ' 


1717-714 


35-0554 


78 


79 


8 




1 






320-000 






79 


80 


7 




1 






295-714 






80 


81 


6^ 




r 






311-000^ 






81 


82 


4 










208-000 






82 


83 


4 > 


16 


2 > 


3 


18-7500 


168-000 > 


791-000 


49-4375 


83 


84 


1 










52-000 






84 


85 


1 










52-OOOj 






85 


86 


n 




< 






52-000^ 






86 


87 


1 

... > 










52-000 






87 


88 


3 


... \ 





0-0000 


\- 


156-000 


52-0000 


88 


89 


















89 


90 


1. 










52-000 






90 


91 


r 




< 






52-000" 






91 


92 


1 










52-000 






92 


93 


1 > 


5 


... )■ 





0-0000 


52-000 > 


260-000 


52-0000 


93 


94 


1 










52-000 






94 


95 


1 




' ' ' ^ 






52-000 






95 


96 


r 




1 






41-000^ 






96 


97 


















97 


98 


... > 


1 


... /■ 


1 


100-0000 


... 


41000 


41-0000 


98 


99 


















99 


100 


•■•, 




■••. 






... J 






100 






12982 




306 


2-3571 J 




29699-849 


2-2878 





70 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table L, continued. 
Trades not Classified. — Scotland. — Rukal, Towi^, and City Districts. 



Age. 


Population. 


DKATllS. 

- 


SICItNESS. 


Age. 


At 


In 


At 


In 


Periods. 


At 


In Periods. 
















Each Age. 


Periods. 


KacliAgc 


Total. 


Per Cent. 


Each Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




10 


7 


7 














10 


11 


17] 










2 '428'] 






11 


12 


24 










12-000 






12 


13 


23 > 


132 








10-286 > 


29-000 


0-2197 


13 


U 


29 
















14 


15 


39j 










4-286 






15 


16 


75 i 




n 






31-857^ 






16 


17 


141 




1 






77-143 






17 


18 


249 > 


1363 


1 > 


9 


0-6603 


220-571 > 


1148-570 


0-8427 


18 


19 


386 




2 






361-571 


• 




19 


20 


512J 




4 






457-428 






20 


21 


703' 




3* 






676-857 ^ 






21 


22 


892 




9 






815-857 






22 


23 


1088 > 


5372 


9 > 

8 


41 


0-7633 


933-286 > 


4719-857 


0-8786 


23 


24 


1231 








995-857 






24 


25 


1458 




12 






1298-000^ 






25 


26 


1658"" 




si 






1478-286* 






26 


27 


1818 




12 






1633-000 






27 


28 


1941 


9575 


16 }■ 
18 


71 


0-7415 


1604-571 > 


8140-143 


0-8501 


28 


29 


2057 








1717-143 






29 


30 


2101 




17J 






1707 -143 J 






30 


31 


2146' 




20^ 






1655-000* 






31 


32 


2204 




15 

22 > 






1557-000 






32 


33 


2205 


10812 


94 


0-8694 


1905-143 


8855-000 


8190 


33 


34 


2160 




18 






1814-714 






34 


35 


2097 




19 






1923-143 






35 


36 


2166' 




- 25^ 






1915-714* 






36 


37 


2134 




28 






1940-571 






37 


38 


2055 


10308 


13 


112 


1-0865 


1705-286 
1941-286 


9415-571 


0-9134 


38 


39 


2016 




27 










39 


40 


1937 




19j 






1912-714J 






40 


41 


1897* 




25 i 






2059-571* 






41 


42 


1790 




19 






1831-857 






42 


43 


1697 


> 8567 


15 


91 


1-0622 


1671-000 


9181-713 


1-0717 


43 


44 


1612 




22 






1900-857 






44 


45 


1571 




10 






1718-428 






45 


46 


1554* 




i7i 






2098-428* 






46 


47 


1499 




26 






2299-286 






47 


48 


1467 


> 7321 


24 


. 112 


1-5298 


2205-714 


11058-856 


1-5106 


48 


49 


1422 




21 






2136-714 






49 


50 


1379 




24 






2318-714, 






50 


51 


1313^ 




17* 






2835-000" 






51 


52 


1272 




21 






3098-000 






52 


53 


1188 


- 6014 


22 


100 


1-6628 


2603-428 


14259-714 


2-3711 


53 


54 


1156 




23 






2923-000 






54 


55 


1085 




17J 






2800-286J 






55 














1 







IN SCOTLAND. 



71 



Table L, conthmed. 
Trades not Classified. — Scotlajstd. — Rural, Town, and City Districts. 



Ages. 


Population. 


deaths. 


SICKNESS. 




Age. 


At 


In 


At 


In 


Periods. 




In Periods. 










At 










Each Age. 


Periods. 


EacliAg 


i Total. 


Per Cent. 


Eactj Age. 


Total. 


Per Annum. 




56 


1028' 




30' 






2981-286^ 






56 


57 


940 




19 






2936-286 






57 


58 


918 


4571 


22 > 


114 


2-4940 


2543-85r > 


14318-857 


3-1325 


58 


59 


873 




16 






2879-000 






59 


60 


812 




27j 






2978-428 






60 


61 


75r 

683 

614 




16' 






2815-857 1 






61 


62 




20 






3371-000 

2839-286 > 






62 


63 


3U85 


28 > 


109 


3-5332 


15909-714 


5-1571 


63 


64 


545 

492 J 




22 






3377-000 






64 


65 




23j 






3506-571 






65 


66 


425' 




191 






3646-000' 






66 


67 


376 




13 
12 > 






3819-286 






67 


68 


339 


1716 


74 


4-3124 


3423-571 


18210-856 


10-6123 


68 


69 


313 




13 






3645-571 






69 


70 


263 




17j 






3676-428 






70 


71 


2371 




14 ~ 






3278-571'' 






71 


72 


200 




12 






3292-571 






72 


73 


177 \ 


925 


10 > 

7 


58 


• 6-2703 


3474-000 


17052-570 


18-4352 


73 


74 


158 








3394-571 






74 


75 


153 




15j 






3612-857 






75 


76 


127" 




8^ 






3150-7141 






76 


77 


115 




8 






2902-000 
2680-714 






77 


78 


97 


506 


7 > 


34 


6-7194 


13682-999 


27-0415 


78 


79 


88 




7 






2517-857 






79 


80 


79 




4 






2431-714 






80 


81 


67' 




61 






2200-714^ 






81 


82 


57 




11 I 






1807-000 






82 


83 


42 


214 


8 > 


34 


15-8879 


1202-143 


6395-714 


29-8865 


83 


84 


29 




6 






695-286 






84 


85 


19j 




3 






490-571 






85 


86 


16' 




3' 






527-428^ 






86 


87 


11 




2 






371-428 






87 


88 


8 


45 


1 > 


8 


17-7777 


288-571 


1579-713 


35-1047 


88 


89 


5 










195-143 






89 


90 


5] 










197-143 






90 


91 


3^ 




- < 






54-000' 






91 


92 


2 










52-000 






92 


93 


1 > 


8 


... > 


1 


12-5000 


52-000 > 


262-000 


32-7500 


93 


94 












52-000 
52-000 






94 


95 
















95 


96 


1' 




1 ^ 






41-000' 






96 


97 


















97 


98 


... } 


1 


... f 


1 


100-0000 


. 


41-000 


41-0000 


98 


99 






... 1 










99 


100 


■ ■ • , 




...J 






■;: '.'.'.J 






100 






70542 




10G3 


1-5069 




154261-989 


2-1868 





72 



DURATION OF LIFE 



In the Tovni Districts of Scotland, half the population dies off at the ages of 65-6 ; hut in 
the To^^^l Districts in England, the same thing takes place a year earlier. It is in the City 
Districts of Scotland that the most marked difference is found ; but when it is recollected that 
the only places included in the list of Scotch Cities are Edinburgh, Glasgow, Paisley, and 
Aberdeen, and that the observations relate cliiefly to the three first-named places, it will in 
some measvire account for the very high rate of ]\Iortality. An inspection of the City Districts 
of Table ]\I will shew a much lower specific intensity for Scotland up to age 60, than 
even for Liverpool ; but from that age to 80 it is higher than m Liverpool. In the City 
Districts for Scotland, half the population dies oflf between the ages of 53-4, being eight 
years earlier than in the City Districts of England, and five years sooner than in Liver- 
pool, and in fact coming very close on the very worst class of results in England — namely, 
Clerks — in which half the population was cut off at ages 51-2. But as the numbers 
over which the observations extend in the City Districts in Scotland are limited, less 
confidence might reasonably be placed in the results, and the excessive mortality in part 
assigned to the fluctuation to which small numbers are svibject. 

On examination, however, of the various groups of results making up tlie whole 
class for the City Districts, they were, -without exception, found subject to a high rate of 
mortality, carrying thus evidence of an absolute higher mortality than m the average of 
English Cities. 

The results for the Three Districts combined shew a less specific intensity than in 
England up to age 06 ; and from that age upwards, the Tables cross each other. In the 
' general results for Scotland, half of the population dies off between ages 64-65 ; but in 
the general results for England, that event is prolonged two years beyond that period. 

Lookin,"- next to the Expectation of Life, as given in Table N, it will be found that 
in the Rural Districts of Scotland it is less than in England by about half-a-year, from 
ages 20 to 76 ; but the To-mi Districts of Scotland give a higher Expectation than in 
England till beyond 70 years of age, and the City Districts of Scotland shew a lower 
Expectation of Life than Liverpool up tiU alwut 50 years of age. In order to admit of 
lietter comparison, the general results for the Three Districts in Scotland and England will 
be arranged as foUows for decennial ages. 



Age. 


Expectation of Life in Friendly Societies in 


Difference in P'avour 

of 
England in Years. 


Scotland. 


England. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
GO 
70 


42-7-18 
35-0512 
28-0.-G5 
21-8122 
15-0181 
10-1290 


43-7730 
30-0051 
29-3300 
22-1920 
15-0912 
10-2057 


1-0518 
0-9539 
0-()741 
0-3798 
0-0758 
— 0-2239 



[From a consideration 



IN SCOTLAND. 



73 



Table M. 
Rural Districts — Scotland. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


230 


•2300 


434-783 


56 


69492 


1214 


1-7463 


57'274 


11 


99770 


229 


•2300 


434-783 


57 


68278 


1307 


1-9139 


52*247 


12 


99541 


246 


•2473 


404-367 


58 


66971 


1411 


2-1062 


47'483 


13 


99295 


280 


•2818 


354-862 


59 


65560 


1523 


2-3232 


43'048 


14 


99015 


330 


•3337 


299-670 


60 


64037 


1643 


2-5649 


38 '986 


15 


98685 


398 


•4029 


248-201 


61 


62394 


1767 


2-8312 


So32'3 


16 


98287 


481 


•4893 


204-374 


62 


60627 


1860 


3-0677 


32*594 


17 


97806 


547 


•5589 


178-923 


63 


58767 


1924 


3-2744 


30*544 


18 


97259 


595 


•6115 


163-532 


64 


56843 


1962 


3-4511 


28*977 


19 


96664 


626 


•6472 


154-512 


65 


54881 


1975 


3-5980 


27*793 


20 


96038 


640 


•6660 


150-150 


66 


52906 


1966 


3-7150 


26*918 


21 


95398 


637 


•6679 


149-723 


67 


50940 


1.980 


3^8878 


25*720 


22 


94761 


635 


•6696 


149-343 


68 


48960 


2015 


4^1164 


24*295 


23 


94126 


632 


•6712 


148-987 


69 


46945 


2066 


4-4007 


22 '722 


24 


93494 


629 


•6724 


148-721 


70 


44879 


2132 


4^7509 


21*048 


25 


92865 


626 


•6736 


148-456 


71 


42747 


2196 


5^1369 


19^467 


26 


92239 


622 


•6747 


148-214 


72 


40551 


2213 


5-4573 


18^325 


27 


91617 


618 


•6750 


148-148 


73 


38338 


2186 


5-7020 


17-538 


28 


90999 


614 


•6747 


148-214 


74 


36152 


2123 


5-8712 


17-033 


29 


90385 


609 


•6736 


148-456 


75 


34029 


2030 


5-9647 


16-764 


30 


89776 


603 


• -6719 


148-832 


76 


31999 


1914 


5-9826 


16-714 


31 


89173 


597 


•6695 


149-365 


77 


30085 


1925 


6-3979 


15-630 


32 


88576 


598 


•6752 


• 148-104 


78 


28160 


2031 


7-2106 


13-868 


33 


87978 


606 


•6891 


145-117 


79 


26129 


2200 


8-4207 


ir875 


34 


87372 


621 


•7111 


140-627 


80 


23929 


2400 


10-0282 


9^970 


35 


86751 


643 


•7413 


134-898 


81 


21529 


2591 


12-0330 


8^313 


36 


86108 


671 


•7796 


128-271 


82 


18938 


2625 


13-8601 


7^215 


37 


85437 


692 


•8101 


123-442 


83 


16313 


2530 


15-5093 


6^447 


38 


84745 


706 


•8329 


120-062 


84 


13783 


2341 


16-9807 


5-889 


39 


84039 


712 


•8478 


117-952 


85 


11442 


2091 


18-2743 


5-473 


40 


83327 


712 


•8550 


116-959 


86 


9351 


1813 


19-3900 


5-157 


41 


82615 


706 


•8544 


117-041 


87 


7538 


1533 


20-3326 


4-919 


42 


81909 


709 


•8655 


115-540 


88 


6005 


1267 


21-1019 


4-739 


43 


81200 


722 


•8887 


112-524 


89 


4738 


1028 


21.6980 


4-60S 


44 


80478 


744 


•9242 


108-202 


90 


3710 


821 


22.1209 


4-521 


45 


79734 


775 


•9719 


102-891 


91 


2889 


646 


22-3706 


4-470 


46 


78959 


815 


1-0324 


96-899 


92 


2243 


535 


23.8316 


4-196 


47 


78144 


850 


1-0879 


91-912 


93 


1708 


453 


26.5040 


3-774 


48 


77294 


879 


1-1377 


87-873 


94 


1255 


381 


30.3877 


3-291 


49 


76415 


903 


1-1819 


84^602 


95 


874 


310 


35.4808 


2-818 


50 


75512 


922 


1-2205 


81-900 


96 


564 


236 


41.7892 


2-393 


51 


74590 


934 


1-2528 


79^808 


97 


328 


161 


49.1613 


2-034 


52 


73656 


963 


1.3073 


76^511 


98 


167 


98 


59.0648 


1-693 


53 


72693 


1006 


1.3838 


72^254 


99 


69 


45 


66.0370 


1-514 


54 


71687 


1063 


1.4825 


61 -m 


100 


24 


21 


850000 


1-176 


55 


70624 


1132 


1-6033 


62-383 













74 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table M, continued. 
Towns — Scotland. 



A<,'es, 

1 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality. 
per Ceni. 


Specific 
Intensity. | 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


275 


•2750 


363^636 


56 


67829 


988 


1-4568 


68-634 


11 


99725 


274 


•2750 


363-636 


57 


66841 


1153 


1-7247 


57-971 


12 


99451 


290 


•2915 


343-053 


58 


65688 


1303 


1-9838 


50-403 


18 


99161 


322 


•3246 


308-072 


59 


64385 


1439 


2-2342 


41-763 


14 


98839 


370 


•3741 


267-308 


60 


62946 


1559 


2-4759 


40-388 


15 


98469 


433 


•4402 


227-170 


61 


61387 


1663 


2-7088 


36-914 


16 


98036 


513 


•5228 


191-278 


62 


59724 


1915 


3-2056 


31-192 


17 


97523 


571 


•5857 


170-736 


&6 


57809 


2293 


3-9664 


25-214 


18 


96952 


610 


•6287 


159-058 


64 


55516 


2771 


4-9911 


20-036 


19 


96312 


628 


•6520 


153-374 


65 


52745 


3312 


6-2797 


15-924 


20 


95714 


()27 


•6555 


152-555 


m 


49433 


3872 


7-8323 


12-768 


21 


95087 


60S 


•6392 


156-446 


67 


45561 


3986 


8-7480 


11-131 


22 


94479 


587 


•6215 


160-901 


68 


41575 


3753 


9-0267 


11-078 


23 


93892 


566 


•6025 


165-975 


69 


37822 


3279 


8-6686 


11-535 


24 


93326 


543 


•5821 


171-792 


70 


34543 


2651 


7^6735 


13-031 


25 


92783 


520 


•5604 


178-444 


71 


31892 


1927 


6^0416 


16-551 


2G 


92263 


496 


•5373 


186-116 


72 


29965 


1578 


5-2649 


18-993 


27 


91767 


486 


•5301 


188-644 


73 


28387 


1517 


5^3435 


18-713 


28 


91281 


492 


•5389 


185-563 


74 


26870 


1687 


6-2774 


15-931 


29 


90789 


512 


•5635 


177-462 


75 


25183 


2031 


8 0666 


12-396 


30 


90277 


545 


•6041 


165-536 


76 


23152 


24S0 


10-7110 


9-337 


31 


89732 


593 


•6606 


151-378 


< 1 


20672 


2623 


12-6885 


7-880 


32 


89139 


639 


•7172 


139-431 


78 


18049 


2526 


13-9987 


7-143 


33 


88500 


685 


•7737 


129-249 


79 


15523 


2272 


14-6378 


6-831 


34 


87815 


729 


•8303 


120-438 


80 


13251 


1936 


14-6112 


6-845 


35 


87086 


772 


•8869 


112-752 


81 


11315 


1575 


13-9168 


7-184 


36 


86314 


814 


•9436 


105-977 


82 


9740 


1333 


13-6887 


7-305 


37 


85500 


oO i 


•9789 


102-156 


83 


8407 


1171 


13-9270 


7-179 


38 


84663 


841 


•9928 


100-725 


84 


7236 


1059 


14-6315 


6-835 


39 


83822 


826 


•9854 


101-482 


85 


6177 


976 


15^8024 


6-329 


40 


82996 


794 


•9567 


104-526 


86 


5201 


907 


17^4396 


5-734 


41 


82202 


745 


•9066 


110-302 


87 


4294 


827 


19^2608 


5-192 


42 


81457 


749 


•9192 


108-790 


88 


3467 


737 


21-2660 


4-701 


43 


80708 


803 


•9944 


100-563 


89 


2730 


635 


23-2552 


4-299 


44 


79905 


905 


M324 


88-339 


90 


2095 


537 


25-6284 


3-902 


45 


79000 


1053 


1^3;!30 


75^019 


91 


1558 


438 


28-1856 


3-547 


46 


77947 


1244 


1-5964 


62^657 


92 


1120 


344 


30-7328 


3-254 


47 


76703 


1 340 


1-7472 


57-241 


93 


776 


258 


33-2701 


3^006 


48 


ibsm 


1346 


1^7855 


55-991 


94 


518 


186 


35-9973 


2^778 


49 


74017 


1268 


1-7133 


58-377 


95 


332 


128 


38-5147 


2^597 


50 


72749 


1107 


1-5246 


65-574 


96 


201 


83 


41-0220 


2^438 


51 


71642 


878 


h2254 


81-633 


97 


121 


55 


46-0819 


2^1 70 


52 


70761 


737 


h04I4 


96-061 


98 


66 


35 


53-3790 


1^873 


53 


70027 


681 


•9725 


102-828 


99 


31 


19 


61-3067 


1^631 


54 


69346 


707 


1-0188 


98-135 


100 


12 


12 


75-0000 


1-331 


')') 


68639 


810 


M802 


84-746 













IN SCOTLAXB. 



75 











Table M, 


continued. 














Cities — Scotlaxd. 








Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Speciiic 
Intensity. 


j Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


i 100000 


396 


•3961 


252^462 


56 


45206 


1872 


4-1399 


24-155 


11 


99604 


395 


•3961 


252-462 


57 


43334 


1870 


4-3159 


23-170 


12 


99209 


401 


•4038 


. 247-647 


58 


41464 


1844 


4-4460 


22-492 


13 


98808 


414 


•4193 


238-493 


59 


39620 


1795 


4-5302 


22075 


14 


98394 


435 


•4425 


225-989 


60 


37825 


1728 


4-5684 


21-891 


15 


97959 


464 


•4735 


211-193 


61 


36097 


1646 


4-5608 


21-925 


16 


97495 


499 


•5123 


195-198 


62 


34451 


1571 


4-5608 


21-925 


17 


96996 


564 


•5817 


171-910 


63 


32880 


1502 


4-5687 


21^887 


18 


96432 


657 


•6818 


146-671 


64 


31378 


1439 


4-5843 


21-815 


19 


95775 


778 


•8126 


123-062 


65 


29939 


1379 


4-6076 


21-701 


20 


94997 


925 


•9740 


102-669 


66 


28560 


1325 


4-6387 


21-556 


21 


94072 


1097 


1-1661 


85-763 


67 


27235 


1320 


4-8448 


20^640 


22 


92975 


1213 


1-3044 


76-687 


68 


25915 


1354 


5-2258 


19-135 


23 


91762 


1275 


1-3889 


71-994 


69 


24561 


1420 


5-7818 


17-295 


24 


90487 


1285 


1^4195 


70-423 


70 


23141 


1507 


6-5128 


15-354 


25 


89202 


1246 


1-3963 


71-633 


71 


21634 


1605 


7-4188 


13-479 


26 


87956 


1160 


r3193 


75-815 


72 


20029 


1623 


8-1009 


12-344 


27 


86796 


1103 


1^2705 


78-678 


73 


18406 


1575 


8-5591 


11-684 


28 


85693 


1071 


r2499 


80-000 


74 


16831 


1480 


8-7933 


11-373 


29 


84622 


1064 


1^2575 


79-491 


75 


15351 


1351 


8-8037 


11-358 


30 


83558 


1081 


1^2933 


77-340 


76 


14000 


1203 


8-5902 


11-641 


31 


82477 


1119 


1^3573 


73-692 


77 


12797 


1132 


8-8429 


11-308 


32 


81358 


1156 


r4203 


70-423 


78 


11665 


1115 


9-5617 


10-458 


33 


80202 


1189 


1-4822 


67-476 


79 


10550 


1134 


10-7467 


9-302 


34 


79013 


1219 


1-5431 


64-809 


80 


9416 


1167 


12-3979 


8-065 


35 


77794 


1247 


1^6029 


62-383 


81 


8249 


1197 


14-5152 


6-887 


36 


76547 


1272 


1-6618 


60-168 


82 


7052 


1165 


16-5179 


6-053 


37 


75275 


1293 


1-7171 


58-241 


83 


5887 


1084 


18-4060 


5-432 


38 


73982 


1309 


1-7688 


56-529 


84 


4803 


969 


20-1794 


4-955 


39 


72673 


1321 


1^8170 


55-036 


85 


3834 


837 


21-8382 


4-579 


40 


71352 


1328 


1^8617 


53-706 


86 


2997 


701 


23-3823 


4-277 


41 


70024 


1333 


1-9029 


52^549 


87 


2296 


576 


25-1048 


3-984 


42 


68691 


1358 


P9770 


50-582 


88 


1720 


465 


27-0056 


3-702 


43 


67333 


1403 


2^0841 


47-985 


89 


1255 


365 


29-0849 


3-439 


44 


65930 


1466 


2^2242 


44-964 


90 


890 


279 


31-3425 


3-191 


45 


64464 


1545 


2^3973 


41^719 


91 


611 


206 


33-7784 


2-960 


46 


62919 


1638 


2^6033 


38-417 


92 


405 


146 


36-0226 


2-776 


47 


61281 


1708 


2^7865 


35-881 


93 


259 


99 


38-0750 


2-626 


48 


59573 


1756 


2-9469 


33-933 


94 


160 


64 


39-9357 


2-504 


49 


57817 


1783 


3-0843 


32-425 


95 


96 


40 


41-6047 


2-404 


50 


56034 


1793 


3-1989 


31-260 


96 


56 


24 


43.0820 


2-321 


51 


54241 


1785 


3-2907 


30-386 


97 


32 


15 


47-3179 


2-113 


52 


52456 


1788 


3-4084 


29-343 


98 


17 


9 


53-9970 


1-852 


53 


50668 


1800 


3^5523 


28-145 


99 


8 


5 


61-3067 


1-631 


54 


48868 


1819 


3^7221 


26-867 


100 


3 


3 


75-0000 


1-333 


55 


47049 


1843 


3^9180 


25-523 ! 













76 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table M, continued. 



RuEAL, Town and City Districts. — Scotland. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


250 


•2499 


400-160 


56 


64211 


1388 


2^1615 


46-253 


11 


99750 


249 


•2499 


400-160 


57 


62823 


1468 


2-3360 


42-808 


n 


99501 


265 


•2663 


37.5-516 


58 


61355 


1546 


2-5189 


39-698 


13 


99236 


297 


•2991 


334-336 


59 


59809 


1621 


2-7101 


36-900 


14 


98939 


345 


•3484 


287-026 


60 


58188 


1693 


2-9096 


34-364 


15 


98594 


408 


•4140 


241-546 


61 


56495 


1761 


3^1175 


32-072 


16 


98186 


487 


•4961 


201-572 


62 


54734 


1814 


3-3 1-49 


30-166 


17 


97699 


553 


•5659 


176-710 


63 


52920 


1853 


3-5019 


28-555 


18 


97146 


606 


•6234 


160-411 


64. 


51067 


1879 


3-6786 


27-181 


19 


96540 


645 


•6686 


M9-.566 


65 


49188 


1891 


3-8448 


26-008 


20 


95895 


673 


•7015 


142-552 


66 


47297 


1892 


4-0007 


24-994 


21 


95222 


688 


•7221 


138-485 


67 


45405 


1909 


4-2036 


23-787 


22 


94534 


697 


•7377 


135-557 


68 


43496 


1937 


4-4538 


22-452 


23 


93837 


702 


■7-i83 


133-636 


69 


41559 


1975 


4-7511 


21-048 


24 


93135 


702 


•7539 


132-644 


70 


39584 


2017 


5-0955 


19-623 


25 


92433 


697 


•7545 


132-538 


71 


37567 


2061 


5-4871 


18-225 


26 


91736 


688 


•7502 


133-298 


72 


35506 


2066 


5-8183 


17-188 


27 


91048 


685 


•7518 


133-014 


73 


33440 


2036 


6-0892 


16-423 


28 


90363 


686 


•7594 


131-683 


74 


31404 


1978 


6-2997 


15-873 


29 


89677 


693 


•7730 


129-366 


75 


29426 


1898 


6-4499 


15-504 


30 


88984 


705 


•7926 


126-167 


76 


27528 


1800 


6-5397 


15-291 


31 


88279 


722 


•8182 


122-220 


77 


25728 


1795 


6-9783 


14^331 


32 


otoot 


742 


•8474 


118-008 


78 


23933 


1859 


7-7657 


12-877 


33 


86815 


764 


•8801 


113-624 


79 


22074. 


1965 


8-9019 


11-2.33 


34 


86051 


789 


•9164 


109-123 


80 


20109 


2089 


10-3868 


9-625 


35 


85262 


815 


•9562 


104-581 


81 


18020 


2202 


12-2205 


8-183 


36 


84447 


844 


•9996 


100-040 


82 


15818 


2177 


13-7630 


7-267 


37 


83603 


861. 


1-0334 


96-805 


83 


13641 


2048 


15-0144 


6-602 


38 


82739 


875 


1-0575 


94-518 


84 


11593 


1852 


15-9747 


6-262 


39 


81864 


878 


1-0719 


93-284 


85 


9741 


1621 


16-6438 


6-010 


40 


80986 


872 


1-0767 


92-851 


86 


8120 


1382 


17-0217 


5-875 


41 


80114 


859 


1-0719 


93-284 


87 


6738 


1199 


17-7963 


5-618 


42 


79255 


861 


1.0867 


91-996 


88 


5539 


1051 


18-9674 


5-271 


43 


78394 


879 


1.1212 


89-206 


89 


4488 


922 


20-5351 


4-869 


44 


77515 


911 


M754 


85-106 


90 


3566 


802 


22-4994 


4-444 


45 


76604 


957 


1-2492 


80-064 


91 


2764 


687 


24-8602 


4^023 


46 


75647 


1010 


1-3427 


74-460 


92 


2077 


569 


27^4071 


3-648 


47 


74631 


1062 


1-4229 


70-274 


93 


1508 


455 


30-1400 


3-318 


48 


73569 


1096 


1-4896 


67-114 


94 


1053 


348 


33-0589 


3-025 


49 


72473 


1118 


1-5430 


64-809 


95 


705 


255 


36-1639 


2-765 


50 


71355 


1130 


1-5830 


63-171 


96 


450 


178 


39-4548 


2-535 


51 


70225 


1130 


1-6096 


62-112 


97 


272 


123 


45-1416 


2-215 


52 


69095 


1150 


1-6641 


60-096 


98 


149 


79 


52.9088 


1-890 


53 


67945 


1187 


1-7466 


,57-241 


99 


70 


43 


61.3067 


1-631 


54 


66758 


1240 


1-8.569 


53-8.50 


100 


27 


27 


750000 


1-333 


55 


65518 


1307 


1-99.52 


50- 125 













IN SCOTLAND. 
Table N. 
Exi^ECTATiox — Scotland. 



77 





Rural 


Town 


City 


Rural, Town 




Rural 


Town 


City 


Rural, Town. 


Ages 


Districts. 


Districts. 


Districts. 


^■CityDistricts 


Ages 


Districts. 


Districts. 


Districts. 


.S-CityDistrict; 


10 


530510 


50-7434 


42-6373 


50-8034 


56 


18-6111 


16-0438 


14-8280 


17-8953 


11 


52-1722 


49-8830 


41-8048 


49-9295 


57 


17-9331 


15-2735 


14-4469 


17-2797 


12 


51-2911 


49-0180 


40-9694 


49-0532 


58 


17-2733 


14-5329 


14-0759 


16-6812 


13 


50-4169 


48-1599 


40-1335 


48-1828 


59 


16-6343 


13-8168 


13-7077 


16-0994 


14 


49-5580 


47-3152 


39-3002 


47-3260 


60 


16-0180 


13-1213 


13-3345 


15-5340 


15 


48-7221 


46-4911 


38-4725 


46-4898 


61 


15-4267 


12-4418 


12-9490 


14-9845 


16 


47-9173 


45-6942 


37-6533 


45-6810 


62 


14-8617 


11-7743 


12-5437 


14-4506 


17 


47-1508 


44-9319 


36-8444 


44-9062 


63 


14-3163 


11-1478 


12-1192 


13-9288 


18 


46-4129 


44-1936 


36-0570 


44-1590 


64 


13-7839 


10-5876 


11-6753 


13-4160 


19 


45-6955 


43-4703 


35-3008 


43-4330 


65 


13-2588 


10-1175 


11-2125 


12-9094 


20 


44-9901 


42-7522 


34-5860 


42-7218 


66 


12-7351 


9-7619 


10-7297 


12-4056 


21 


44-2886 


42-0308 


33-9211 


42-0201 


67 


12-2073 


9-5491 


10-2274 


11-9017 


22 


43-5830 


41-2981 


,33-3154 


41-3224 


68 


11-6808 


9-4166 


9-7229 


11-4021 


23 


42-8736 


40-5531 


32-7492 


40-6255 


69 


11-1607 


9-3014 


9-2314 


10-9102 


24 


42-1600 


39-7960 


32-2036 


39-9280 


70 


10-6514 


9-1369 


8-7671 


10-4296 


25 


41-4422 


39-0260 


31-6603 


39-2274 


71 


10-1578 


8-8548 


8-3430 


9-9627 


26 


40-7201 


38-2432 


311018 


38-5217 


72 


9-6808 


8-3921 


7-9715 


9-5118 


27 


39-9931 


37-4472 


30-5107 


37-8090 


73 


9-2107 


7-8.308 


7-6303 


9-0688 


28 


39-2613 


36-6439 


29-8970 


37-0919 


74 


8-7374 


7-2447 


7-2975 


8-6243 


29 


38-5247 


35-8398 


29-2690 


36-3717 


75 


8-2513 


6-6965 


6-9529 


8-1705 


30 


37-7826 


35-0397 


28-6.354 


35-6512 


76 


7-7431 


6-2401 


6-5756 


7-6993 


31 


37-0347 


.34-2500 


28-0042 


34-9319 


77 


7-2039 


5-9287 


6-1467 


7-2030 


32 


36-2809 


33-4745 


27-3824 


34-2157 


78 


6-6622 


5-7177 


5-6947 


6-7057 


33 


35-5241 


32-7126 


26-7700 


33-5040 


79 


6-1411 


5-5667 


5-2437 


6-2284 


34 


34-7671 


31-9639 


26-1653 


32-7969 


80 


5-6598 


5-4355 


4-8150 


5-7882 


35 


34-0125 


31-2272 


25-5674 


32-0958 


81 


5-2350 


5-2799 


4-4254 


5-4012 


36 


33-2626 


30-5021 


24-9755 


31-4008 


82 


4-8828 


5-0529 


4-0917 


5-0835 


37 


32-5199 


29-7877 


24-3893 


30-7127 


83 


4-5880 


4-7748 


3-8025 


4-8149 


38 


31-7814 


29-0772 


23-8069 


30-0282 


84 


4:3384 


4-4666 


3-5479 


4-5772 


39 


31-0442 


28-3640 


23-2267 


29-3438 


85 


4-1237 


4-1466 


3-3182 


4-3524 


40 


30-3052 


27-6413 


22-6474 


28-6565 


86 


3-9341 


3-8.309 


3-1053 


4-1214 


41 


29-5621 


26-9034 


22-0675 


27-9630 


87 


3-7600 


3-5345 


2-9007 


3-8642 


42 


28-8126 


26-1449 


21-4860 


27-2606 


88 


3-5923 


3-2583 


2-7047 


3-5925 


43 


28-0598 


25-3829 


20-8624 


26-5545 


89 


3-4192 


3-0029 


2-5215 


3-3166 


44 


27-3070 


24-6330 


20-3436 


25-8501 


90 


3-2280 


2-7616 


2-3506 


3-0449 


45 


26-5571 


23-9095 


19-7948 


25-1515 


91 


3-0033 


2 -.54 11 


2-1956 


2-7833 


46 


25-8129 


23-2257 


19-2686 


24-4633 


92 


2-7243 


2-3393 


2-0580 


2-5385 


47 


25-0769 


22-5943 


18-7703 


23-7895 


93 


2-4210 


2-1546 


1-9363 


2-3077 


48 


24-3472 


21-9871 


18-2941 


23-1251 


94 


2-1181 


1-9788 


1-8250 


2-0888 


49 


23-6215 


21-3778 


17-8345 


22-4679 


95 


1-8181 


1-8072 


1-7084 


1-8730 


50 


22-8980 


20-7418 


17-3861 


21-8122 


96 


1-5426 


1-6275 


1-5714 


1-6511 


51 


22-1748 


20-0545 


16-9443 


21-1550 


97 


1-2926 


1-4008 


1-3750 


1-4044 


52 


21-4497 


19-2971 


165039 


20-4930 


98 


1-0568 


1-1515 


1-1471 


1-1510 


53 


20-7272 


18-4949 


16-0687 


19-8312 


99 


-8478 


-8871 


-8750 


-8857 


54 


20-0111 


17-6717 


15-6421 


19-1750 


100 


-5000 ' 


-5000 


-5C00 


-5000 


55 


19-3048 


16-8486 


15-2275 


18-5285 













X 



78 DURATION OF LIFE 

From a consideration of those results, it wiU be seen that the Rural Districts of 
the two countries have shewn the nearest approximation ; and this is precisely what would 
have been anticipated from a carefiil consideration of the elements entering into the 
fonnation of the respective Tables. In the Rural Districts of aU countries, the condition 
of the population, as to occupation and employment, is more nearly the same than in 
the To'mi or City Districts ; and since employment has been shewn to have so unportant 
an effect on the Duration of Life, the rates of mortality should differ less in the Rural 
Districts, where less diversity of employment exists. Before, however, fixing definitely 
on the Scotch Cities so high a rate of mortality as that she^vn in Table M, it should 
be kept in view that one very important element of the investigation has not yet been 
touched upon. In considering the condition of the Enghsh Cities, it was shewn how an 
accidental combination of certain trades would produce a veiy different result from the 
ftiir average of the general population ; so also, in the present comparison of the Scotch 
with the Enghsh Cities, may an excess of particular trades, not common to l^oth Districts, 
or not existing in both Districts in the same ratio, modify the results. The inquiiy ^vill 
therefore not be complete till sunilar trades in both Districts be compared. To enter 
further, however, into that question would, as already stated, be to go beyond the limits 
assigned to this paper. 

But as some curiosity may naturally be excited by the marked difference in the value 
of life, as shewn in the preceding Table, between the Scotch and Enghsh Cities, it has been 
thought of sufficient importance to form Mortality Tables for the general population of 
the City of Glasgow, in order to compare the results mth English Cities. 

These Tables — viz. 0, P, Q, and R — have been formed exactly in the same manner as 
Tables A, B, C, D. It is therefore not necessary to enter further into that part of the 
question, than to state that the bases of the Tables are the Mortahty Bills for the City of 
Glasgow for the ten years 1832-1841, and the population as enmnerated in 1831 and 1841. 

An inspection of Table Q will shew that of the male population of Glasgow aUve at 
Age 10, one half is cut off between the ages 48-9, which is 

20 years earlier than among Friendly Societies in the Rural Districts of England. 

19 „ „ „ „ Scotland. 

17 
16 
13 

5 

3 
of results formerly amved at. 

If the nature of tliis paper led to a more extended review of aU the facts presented, 

[many 










































?) 




KJ*^\J VLtAllXJL, 




Town 




)) 




?) 




England. 




City 




5) 




55 




Scotland. 



Clerks, which was the worst class 



IN SCOTLAND. 79 

Table 0. 

Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841 ; with the Annual Rate of Increase 

durmg the intermediate period. 



Age. 


males. 


FEMALES. 


Ages. 


Population 
1831. 


Population 
1841. 


Annual Rate 
of Increase. 


Population 
1831. 


Population 
1841. 


Annu.-il Eate 
of Increase. 


Under 5 
5—10 
10 — 15 
15 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
70 — 80 
80 — 90 
90 —100 

1 00 and upward 

Total 


15422 

13127 

10491 

8489 

15177 

12179 

8685 

5549 

3228 

1090 

260 

26 

1 


17840 

14552 

14252 

13677 

28304 

18890 

12047 

5991 

3364 

1282 

256 

22 

1 


1-01467 
1-01035 
1-03111 
1-04882 
1-06430 
1-04487 
1-03326 
1-00771 
1-00413 
1-01630 
—1-00140 
—1-01670 
1-00000 


14855 

12580 

10720 

12256 

23008 

14240 

9329 

6099 

3692 

1502 

385 

32 

4 


17544 

14837 

14541 

16931 

32778 

20706 

12804 

7034 

4462 

1720 

447 

41 

1 


1-01677 
1-01664 
1-03092 
1-03281 
1-03602 
1-03814 
1-03220 
1-01436 
1-01911 
1-01365 
1-01517 
1-02527 
—1-14855 


Under 5 
5—10 
10 — 15 
15 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
70 — 80 
80 — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upward 


93724 


130478 


1-03364 


108702 


143846 


1-02641 


Total 



Ta3LE p. 

Glasgow — Total of the Population as calculated for the 30th of June in each of the 
Years 1832-1841, inclusive ; with the Sum of the Deaths for the corresponding years, 
as given in the Mortahty BiUs ; and the Mortality per Cent, during the same period. 



Age. 


males. 


females. 


Age. 


Population. 


Deaths. 


Mortality, 
per Cent. 


Population. 


Deaths. 


Mortality. 
per Cent. 


Under 5 
5—10 
10 — 15 
15 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
70 — 80 
80 — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upwards 


167389 

139087 

127201 

111753 

218158 

156737 

104660 

57928 

33033 

11942 

2580 

238 

10 


18846 

2331 

989 

1209 

3211 

3336 

3276 

2552 

2564 

1956 

780 

92 

9 


10-6613 

1-6759 

•7775 

1-0818 

1-4718 

2-1284 

3-1301 

4-4054 

7-7619 

16-3791 

30-2325 

38-6554 

90-0000 


163155 

138056 

127512 

147340 

281626 

176405 

111731 

66086 

41084 

16212 

4190 

368 

19 


16304 

2134 

973 

1147 

3292 

3228 

3001 

2628 

2651 

2244 

1012 

155 

15 


9-9929 

1-5457 

-7630 

-7777 

1-1689 

1-8300 

2-6859 

3-9766 

6-4526 

13-8416 

24-1527 

42-1196 

78-9476 


Under 5 
5—10 
10 — 15 
15 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
70 — 80 
80 — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upwards 


Total .:.... 


1130716 


41151 


3-6393 


1273784 


38784 


30447 


Total. 



80 



DURATION OF LIFE 



Table Q. 
Glasgow. — Males . 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


1316 


1-3157 


75-988 


56 


36836 


1669 


4-5303 


22-075 


11" 


98684 


1121 


1-1360 


88-028 


57 


35167 


1682 


4-7827 


20-907 


12 


97563 


980 


1-0017 


99-502 


58 


33485 


1700 


5-0768 


19-697 


13 


96583 


890 


•9214 


108-531 


59 


31785 


1720 


5-4125 


18-474 


14 


95693 


848 


•8863 


112-829 


60 


30065 


1728 


5-7482 


17-397 


15 


94845 


853 


•8993 


111-198 


61 


28337 


1724 


6-0838 


16-437 


16 


93992 


902 


•9601 


104-156 


62 


26613 


1708 


6-4195 


15-576 


17 


93090 


918 


1-0186 


98-135 


63 


24905 


1682 


6-7551 


14-804 


18 


92142 


990 


1-0746 


93-023 


61 


23223 


1617 


7-0907 


14-102 


19 


91152 


1028 


1-1282 


88-652 


65 


21576 


1625 


7-5315 


13-277 


20 


90124 


1063 


1-1794 


84-818 


m 


19951 


1612 


8-0776 


12-379 


21 


89061 


1094 


1-2282 


81-433 


67 


18339 


1601 


8-7289 


11-156 


22 


87967 


1123 


1-2769 


78-309 


68 


16738 


1588 


9-4854 


10-543 


23 


86844 


1151 


1-3257 


75-415 


69 


18150 


1568 


10-3472 


9-662 


21. 


85693 


1178 


1-3741 


72-780 


70 


13582 


1522 


11-2089 


8-921 


25 


84515 


1206 


1-4265 


70-077 


71 


12060 


1458 


12-0906 


8-271 


2G 


83309 


1235 


1-4820 


67-476 


72 


10602 


1375 


12-9723 


7-710 


27 


82074 


1265 


1-5411 


64-893 


73 


9227 


1280 


13-8740 


7-210 


28 


80809 


1296 


1-6036 


62-344 


74 


7917 


1171 


14-7397 


6-784 


29 


79513 


1328 


1-6695 


59-880 


75 


6776 


1064 


15-7061 


6-365 


30 


78185 


1357 


1-7354 


57-637 


76 


5712 


957 


16-7573 


5-967 


31 


76828 


1384 


1-8013 


55-525 


77 


4755 


852 


17-9132 


5-580 


32 


75444 


1409 


1 -8669 


53-562 


78 


3903 


748 


19-1539 


5-222 


3S 


74035 


1431 


1-9328 


51-733 


79 


3155 


648 


20-53.53 


4-8()9 


34 


72604 


1451 


1-9982 


50-050 


80 


2507 


550 


21-9206 


4-562 


35 


71153 


1473 


2-0694 


48-333 


81 


1957 


456 


23-3060 


4-290 


36 


69680 


1496 


2-1465 


46-577 


82 


1501 


371 


24-6913 


4-050 


37 


68184 


1520 


2-2294 


44-863 


83 


1130 


295 


26-0766 


3-834 


38 


66664 


1545 


2-3180 


43-141 


84 


835 


229 


27-4619 


3-642 


39 


65119 


1571 


2-4128 


41-442 


85 


606 


174 


28-7386 


3-179 


40 


63548 


1594 


2-5076 


39-872 


86 


432 


129 


29-9067 


3-343 


41 


61951 


1612 


2-6024 


38-432 


87 


303 


94 


30-9662 


3-229 


42 


60342 


1628 


2-6972 


37-078 


88 


209 


67 


31-9770 


3-127 


43 


58714 


1639 


2-7919 


35-817 


89 


142 


47 


32-7593 


3-053 


44 


57075 


1654 


2-8975 


31-507 


90 


95 


32 


33-6016 


2-976 


45 


55121 


1668 


3-0096 


33-223 


91 


63 


21 


34-4439 


2-904 


46 


53753 


1682 


3-1282 


31-969 


92 


42 


14 


35-2862 


2-834 


47 


52071 


1694 


S-'io35 


30-731 


93 


28 


10 


36-1285 


2-768 


48 


50377 


1706 


S-3So3 


29-542 


94 


18 


6 


36-9708 


2-705 


49 


48671 


1710 


3-5128 


28-466 


95 


12 


4 


38-6715 


2-586 


50 


46961 


1710 


3-6104 


27-473 


96 


8 


3 


41-2307 


2-425 


51 


45251 


1705 


3-7679 


26-539 


97 


5 


2 


4=I.-6i'83 


2-240 


52 


43546 


1696 


3-8954 


25-674 


98 


3 


1 


48-9244 


2-044 


53 


41850 


1684 


4-0229 


24-857 


99 


o 


1 


54-0589 


1-8.50 


54 


40166 


1667 


41504 


24-096 


100 


T 


1 


59-1904 


1-689 


55 


38199 


1663 


4-3195 


23-148 













IN SCOTLAND. 



81 



Table Q, continued. 
Glasgow — Females. 



Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


1433 


1-4327 


69-784 


56 


42123 


1705 


4-0478 


24-704 


11 


98567 


1258 


1-2761 


78-370 


57 


40418 


1717 


4-2479 


23-540 


12 


97309 


1121 


1-1515 


86-806 


58 


38701 


1731 


4-4718 


22-361 


13 


96188 


1018 


1-0588 


94-429 


59 


36970 


1745 


4-7194 


21-191 


14 


95170 


950 


•9979 


100-210 


60 


35225 


1750 


4-9670 


20-133 


15 


94220 


724 


•7687 


130-090 


61 


33475 


1746 


5-2146 


19-175 


16 


93496 


722 


•7717 


129-584 


62 


31729 


1733 


5-4622 


18-308 


17 


92774 


727 


•7838 


127-584 


63 


29996 


1713 


5-7098 


17-513 


18 


92047 


741 


•8051 


124-208 


64 


28283 


1685 


5-9574 


16-787 


19 


91306 


763 


•8356 


119-675 


65 


26598 


1677 


6-3033 


15-865 


20 


90543 


793 


•8755 


114-220 


66 


24921 


1682 


6-7474 


14-821 


21 


89750 


830 


•9244 


108-178 


67 


23239 


1694 


7-2898 


13-717 


22 


88920 


865 


•9733 


102-743 


68 


21545 


1704 


7-9104 


12-642 


23 


88055 


900 


1-0222 


97-847 


69 


19841 


1716 


8-6493 


11-562 


24 


87155 


934 


ro7ii 


93-371 


70 


18125 


1702 


9-3882 


10-652 


25 


86221 


969 


M235 


88-968 


71 


16423 


1663 


10-1271 


9-872 


26 


85252 


1005 


M793 


84-818 


72 


14760 


1604 


10-8660 


9-200 


27 


84247 


1043 


r2385 


80-710 


73 


13156 


1529 


11-6249 


8-606 


28 


83204 


1083 


1^3012 


76-864 


74 


11627 


1438 


12-3638 


8-091 


29 


82121 


1123 


1^3673 


73-153 


75 


10189 


1341 


13-1612 


7-599 


30 


80998 


1161 


1-4334 


69-784 


76 


8848 


1240 


14-0170 


7-133 


31 


79837 


1197 


1^4995 


66-667 


77 


7608 


1136 


14-9312 


6^698 


32 


78640 


1231 


r5654 


63-898 


78 


6472 


1029 


15-9039 


6-289 


33 


77409 


1263 


1-6315 


61-275 


79 


5443 


922 


16-9350 


5-907 


34 


76146 


1293 


1-6976 


58-893 


80 


4521 


812 


17-9661 


5-565 


35 


74853 


1323 


1^7676 


56-561 


81 


3709 


705 


18-9972 


5-263 


36 


73530 


1354 


1-8415 


54-289 


82 


3004 


602 


20-0283 


4-993 


37 


72176 


1386 


1-9195 


52-083 


83 


2402 


506 


21-0594 


4-748 


38 


70790 


1417 


2-0012 


49-975 


84 


1896 


419 


22-0905 


4-527 


39 


69373 


1448 


2-0868 


47-916 


85 


1477 


344 


23-2747 


4-297 


40 


67925 


1476 


2-1724 


46-041 


86 


1133 


279 


24-6121 


4-063 


41 


66449 


1500 


2-2580 


44-287 


87 


854 


223 


26-1025 


3-831 


42 


64949 


1522 


2-3436 


42-662 


88 


631 


175 


27-7461 


3-604 


43 


63427 


1541 


2-4292 


41-169 


89 


456 


135 


29-5428 


3-385 


44 


61886 


1556 


2-5148 


39-761 


90 


321 


101 


31-3395 


3-191 


45 


60330 


1574 


2-6091 


38-329 


91 


220 


73 


33-1362 


3-018 


46 


58756 


1594 


2-7120 


36-873 


92 


147 


51 


34-9329 


2-863 


47 


57162 


1614 


2-8237 


35^411 


93 


96 


35 


36-7296 


2-723 


48 


55548 


1635 


2-9441 


33-967 


94 


61 


24 


38-5263 


2-595 


49 


53913 


1657 


3-0732 


32-541 


95 


37 


15 


40-7002 


2-457 


50 


52256 


1673 


3-2023 


31-230 


96 


22 


9 


43-2513 


2-312 


51 


50583 


1685 


3-3314 


30-021 


97 


13 


6 


46-1796 


2-165 


52 


48898 


1692 


3-4605 


28-893 


98 


7 


4 


49-4852 


2-020 


53 


47206 


1695 


3-5895 


27-855 


99 


3 


2 


53-1680 


1-881 


54 


45511 


1692 


3-7186 


26-889 


100 


1 


1 


56-8508 


1-759 


55 


43819 


1696 


3-8709 


25-833 













82 



DURATION OF LIFE 



many remarkable coincidences would be seen to have taken place, and one among tbese must 
be already obvious. The general results for Friendly Societies in England and Wales were 
found to be more favourable to life than the results for the Avhole population of England 
and Wales, and that in both sexes ; so, also, were the results for the Members of Friendly 
Societies in Liverpool more favourable than those for the Avholc population of Liverpool ; 
a)id here it ■will hke-wise be seen that the mortaUty of the general population of Glasgow 
is greater than among the Members of Friendly Societies in the City Districts of 
Scotland. 

The difference between the Equation for Age 10 in ]\Iale and Female Life for the 
whole popidation of Glasgow is 3-125 years, while in the general population of Eng- 
liind and Wale.^ it is a httle above one year. This suggests the mention of another 
feature wliich presents itself in this inquiry. It appears that the higher the absolute 
value of Life in any class of results, the less distmction will there be found between 
Male and Female Life. Thus — 



be 

c2 



o 
o 



Friendly Societies in England and"V Females 
Wales [-Males 

Total Population of England and^ Females 
Wales > Males 

{Females 
Males 



Whole Population of Glasgow 



56-749 
56-408 

53-554 
52-308 

1-249 

41-346 
38-221 
3-125 



-341 of a year 



If comparisons were made between the sexes in the intermediate classes of results, a 
development of the same feature would be seen. As has already been stated, where the 
Duration of Life is reduced below its average standard by the prevalence of unhealthy 
occupations, the influence -\vill be more strongly felt in the male than in the female sex. 

If the Expectation of Life for the City of Glasgow, as given in Table R, be now 
referred to, the remarkable depreciation in the duration of life there will appear somewhat 
startling. No Table of Mortahty hitherto pubhshed has shewn any thing hke so low an 
estimate. Liverpool has been frequently referred to as an example of the short Duration 
of Life; but a comparison of the Expectation of Male Life for Liverpool, as given at 
page 59, with the results in Table R, will shew 



At Age 30 a higher value by 3-101 years 
40 „ 2-548 

50 „ 1-535 



[The mortahty 



IN SCOTLAND. 



83 



Table R. 
Expectation. 



Age. 



Glasgow, whole Population. 



Males. 



10 
11 

12 
13 
14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 



Females. 



Dundee, whole Population. 



37-3954 

36-8874 

36-4055 

35-6688 

34-9959 

34-3043 

33-6111 

32-9317 

32-2656 

31-6106 

30-9655 

30-3291 

29-7000 

29-0776 

28-4615 

27-8512 

27-2472 

26-6496 

26-0590 

25-4756 

24-8998 

24-3308 

23-7679 

23-2108 

22-6584 

22-1102 

21-5670 

21-0293 

20-4974 

19-9718 

19-4532 

18-9409 

18-4335 

17-9307 

17-4313 

16-9366 

16-4466 

15-9618 

15-4817 

15-0061 

14-5350 

14-0654 

13-5965 

13-1273 

12-6567 

12-1831 



Males. 



39-9471 

39-4286 

38-9319 

38-3797 

37-7849 

37-1609 

36-4448 

35-7245 

35-0027 

34-2827 

33-5674 

32-8596 

32-1616 

31-4726 

30-7228 

30-1206 

29-4573 

28-8027 

28-1575 

27-5223 

26-8970 

26-2808 

25-6732 

25-0735 

24-4811 

23-8953 

23-3163 

22-7443 

22-1798 

21-6227 

21-0730 

20-5300 

19-9925 

19-4603 

18-93-24 

18-4079 

17-8875 

17-3724 

16-8626 

16-3589 

15-8617 

15-3698 

14-8822 

14-3977 

13-9153 

13-4.3.33 



Females. 



43-2973 

42-6385 

41-9362 

41-2102 

40-4621 

39-7027 

38-9405 

38-1824 

37-4327 

36-6930 

.35-9632 

35-2426 

34-5307 

33-8269 

33-1311 

32-4423 

31-7601 

31-0839 

30-8133 

29-7478 

29-0866 

28-4291 

27-7754 

27-1245 

26-4761 

25-8297 

25-1877 

24-5520 

23-9248 

23-3075 

22-7017 

22-1068 

21-5218 

20-9457 

20-3775 

19-8168 

19-2620 

18-7129 

18-1679 

17-6266 

17-0891 

16-5521 

16-0160 

15-4795 

14-9417 

14-4014 



Age. 



45-8731 

45-2353 

44-5587 

43-8632 

43-1501 

42-4173 

41-6723 

40-9205 

40-1647 

39-4058 

38-6541 

37-9096 

37-1716 

36-4398 

.35-7138 

34-9934 

34-2779 

33-5677 

32-8626 

32-1624 

31-4666 

.30-7754 

30-0879 

29-4037 

28-7225 

28-0439 

27-3688 

26-6987 

26-0344 

25-3768 

24-7270 

24-0840 

23-4473 

22-8162 

22-1896 

21-5671 

20-9498 

20-3391 

19-7356 

19-2264 

18-5541 

17-9757 

17-4041 

16-8381 

16-2766 

15-7186 



Glasgow, whole Population 



Males. 



56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
100 



Females. 



11-7116 
11-2426 
10-7822 
10-3322 
9-8946 
9-4675 
9-0485 
8-6347 
8-2239 
7-8135 
7-4092 
7-0165 
6-6398 
6-2834 
5-9510 
5-6390 
5-3457 
5-0678 
4-8035 
4-5472 
4-3011 
4-0661 
3-8446 
3-6376 
3-4485 
3-2772 
1209 
9814 
8581 
•7491 
6551 
■5726 
5047 
■4507 
2-4158 
2-3889 
2-3333 
2-2500 
2-2223 
2-0761 
1-87.50 
1-7000 
1-5000 
1-0000 
•5000 



3- 

2- 
2- 
2- 
2- 
2- 
2- 
2- 



Dundee, whole Population. 



Males. 



12-9541 
12-4794 
12-0109 
11-5499 
11-0973 
10-6513 
10-2099 
9-7709 
9-3324 
8-8919 
8-4564 
8-0322 
T-6248 
7-2367 
6-8745 
6-5351 
6-2150 
5-9118 
5-6235 
5-3466 
5-0812 
4-8278 
4-5875 
4-3602 
4-1474 
3-9457 
3-7547 
3-5703 
3-3898 
3-2096 
3-0322 
2-8595 
2-6933 
2-5351 
2-3910 
2-2591 
2-1327 
2-0000 
1-8606 
1-7432 
1-5909 
1-3461 
1-0714 
•8333 
•5000 



Females. 



13^8635 
13-3322 
12-8117 
12-3050 
11-8155 
11-3407 
10-8784 
10-4266 
9-9832 
9-5459 
9-1174 
8-6999 
8-2956 
7-9057 
7-5320 
7-1718 
6-8216 
6-4787 
6-1524 
5-8006 
5-4679 
5-1470 
4-8427 
4-5591 
4-3012 
4-0706 
3-8569 
3-6629 
3-4867 
3-3272 
3-1813 
3-0488 
2-9260 
2-8109 
2-7034 
2-5997 
2-5075 
2-4022 
2-3000 
2-1786 
2-0179 
1-7973 
1-5000 
1-0000 
•5000 



15-1653 

14-6185 

14-0791 

13-5480 

13-0262 

12-5117 

12-0027 

11-4975 

10-9941 

10-4907 

9-9934 

9-5083 

9-0400 

8-5932 

8-1719 

7-7724 

7-3916 

7-0261 

6-6730 

6-3288 

5-9961 

5-6777 

5^3757 

5-0924 

4-8305 



5872 

3604 

1473 

•9456 

-7536 

•5712 

3-3975 

3-2323 

3-0758 

2-9282 

2-7854 

2-G492 

2-5119 

2-3712 

2-2192 

2-0474 

1-8297 

1-5508 

1-1315 

-5000 



84 



DURATION OF LIFE 



The moi'tality of a population like that of Glasgow is subject to remarkable fluctua- 
tions, shemng an extreme difference in some years of about 68 per cent., or a mean 
fluctuation of about 32 per cent. An inspection of the total male deaths for aU ages, for 
each of the ten years 1832-1842, ^vill render this evident. 



Total Deaths in 


1832 


4811 


Total Deaths in 1837 


5423 


5> 


1833 


3229 


?5 


1838 


3490 


>5 


1834 


3255 


5) 


1839 


3898 


>J 


1835 


3726 


)? 


1840 


4470 


n 


1836 


4334 


?» 


1841 


4514 



It will further be seen that those remarkable fluctuations are due chiefly to the 
mortahty in mature life, and not to the mortality in infancy, as some writers have 
believed. 



Year. 


From Age 20 
to 50. 


In the First 
Year of Life. 


Year. 


From Age 20 
to 50. 


In the First 
Year of Life. 


In 1832 


1795 


332 


In 1837 


1991 


371 


1833 


902 


306 


1838 


1010 


336 


1834 


923 


313 


1839 


966 


318 


1835 


885 


365 


1840 


1346 


404 


1836 


1279 


115 


1841 


1278 


. . 381 



The preceding wiU shew, that while the extreme diflerence in the mortality from ages 
20 to 50 is 125 per cent., for the first year of life it is only 32 per cent. If the mean 
fluctuation for ages 20 to 50 be taken, it will be found to be 53 per cent., while that for 
the first year of life is only 14 per cent. Were the inspection extended to the mortahty 
of female hfe, similar results would be obtained. Notwithstanding the inferior numbers in 
infant life, the fluctuation is confined within narrower limits than the mortality of mature 
life ; and this law is in obedience to the doctruie of probabihty, when apphed to any other 
subject, as well as to the mortahty of life. For whenever the intensity which determines 
any result increases — or in other words, when the probabihty of any event approaches 
unity — 80 also will the fluctuation in a series of events be reduced in amount. 

It is evident from the preceding results of the Mortahty in Glasgow, that a Table of 
the Expectation of Life calculated for one period of years — for example, the three years 
1833, 1834, 1835 — would differ widely from a Table founded on the results of the suc- 
ceeding period of three years, and that the next succeeding period of three years would 
also differ in a marked degree from either of these : it has on that account been thought 
the better course to embrace the results of the whole ten years. On a previous occasion, 
a Table of the Expectation of Life for the five years, 1836-1840, had been calculated; 
and the results were for ages 

20 = 27-624 40 = 21-711 50 = 16-590 

bringing the Expectation of Life above that given for the whole population of Liverpool, 



IN SCOTLAND. 



85 



in the Fifth Report of the Registrar General. It would therefore be rash to conclude 
that the public health of Glasgow is inferior to that of Livei'pool; for if the same means 
existed of calculating the mortaUty of Liverpool during the ten years to which the results 
for Glasgow relate, it might then be found that the Expectation of Life, on an average 
of that number of years, was overstated by the Registrar General, whose figures were 
derived from the mortahty of one year only, 

An inspection of Table R -will shew that Female Life in Glasgow, as elsewhere, is 
of higher value than Male Life. 





At Age 30. 


At Age 40. 


At Age 50. 


The Expectation of Females is 


26-8970 


21-0730 


15-8617 


And of Males 


24-8998 


19-4532 


14-5350 



DiiFerence 



1-9972 



1-6198 



1-3267 



Table S. 

Dundee. — Total of the Populations as calcidated for the 30th of June in each 
of the Years 1835-1844 inclusive ; with the sum of the Deaths for the Cor- 
responding Years as given in the Mortality Bills, and the Mortahty per 
Cent, during the same period. 



Ages. 


MALES. 


FEJLiLES. 


Age. 


Population. 


Deaths 

exclusiveof 
Stillborn. 


Mortality. 


Population. 


Deaths 

exclusiveof 

Stillborn. 


Mortality. 


Under 5 
5 — 10 
10 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
70 — 80 
80 — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upwards 


41450 

34005 

60931 

46877 

39488 

24931 

14826 

8537 

4113 

831 

67 




3328 
413 
377 
481 
562 
585 
485 
528 
476 
204 
13 
2 


8-0289 

1-2145 

•6187 

1-0260 

1-4232 

2-3464 

3-2712 

6-1848 

11-5730 

24-5500 

19-4030 




41513 

32622 

67367 

67086 

46323 

31782 

18089 

12888 

5128 

1197 

155 

19 


3042 
410 
366 
569 
553 
585 
533 
633 
552 
252 
34 
2 


7-3302 

1-2568 

•5432 

•8481 

1-1950 

1-8406 

2-9465 

4-9116 

10-7644 

21-0526 

21-9289 

10-5263 


Under 5 
5 — 10 
10 — 20 
20 — 30 
30 — 40 
40 — 50 
50 — 60 
60 — 70 
80 — 80 
90 — 90 
90 —100 

100 and upwards 




276056 


7454 


2-7000 


324129 


7531 


2-3234 





86 



DURATION OF LIFE 



The preceding results seem to point out a higher rate of mortality as pervading 
all the groups of observations brought into comparison from Scotland ; and it is there- 
fore to be regretted that the Registration Act does not extend to that country, and 
aiFord a certain means of solving so important a question. The subject, however, in its 
]iresent state, has been thought of sufficient importance to warrant the calculation of 
Mortality Tables for the To^vn of Dundee ; and accordingly Tables S and T have been 
deduced from the Mortality Bills of that To-\ra for the ten years 1835-1844, and the 
Census of the Population in 1841, on the principles described for the formation of Tables 
B and C. The Expectation of Life, as resulting from these Tables, will be found in 
Table R. 



An inspection of Table T will skew that in Dundee the Equation of ]\Iale Life for 
Ao-e 10 takes place at Age 55-6, which is seven years beyond the results obtained in 
Table Q for the whole population of Glasgow, and even two years higher than the Equa- 
tion of Life for the Members of Friendly Societies in the average of the Scotch Cities. 
This result will no doubt be unexpected by some inquirers, as Dundee has usually been 
held up as the type of unhealthy Cities ; but the present results shew the necessity of 
extended observations before di-amng any conclusions, the remarks made relative to the 
fluctuation of IMortality in Glasgow being equally applicable to Dundee. The following 
Abstract will give the comparative value of Male Life in the gross population of Glasgow, 
Liverpool, and Dundee. 



Age. 


Expectation of Life in 


Age. 


Glasgow, 
Table R. 


Liverpool, 

Reg. Gen. page xxvii. 

5tli Report. 


Dundee. 
Table R. 


20 
25 
30 
35 

40 

45 
50 


30-9665 
27-8512 
24-8998 
22-1102 
19-4532 
16-9366 
14-5350 


33-0000 
30-0000 
27-0000 
23-0000 
21-0000 
18-0000 
16-0000 


35-9632 
32-4423 
29-0866 
25-8297 
22-7017 
19-8168 
17-0891 


20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 



The value of Life in Dundee vnR thus be seen to stand higher than in either of the 
other Cities. If a complete system of Registration existed in Scotland, accurate means 
would be afforded of can-ying out a satisfactory inquiry as to the relative value of life in 
different Districts ; but so far as the more imperfect system of Local Registration ^yiB. 
admit of judging, it does not appear that the Duration of Life in the large Towns 
of Scotl-and should be regarded as so much below that of Cities in England. 

[For many purposes 



IN SCOTLAND. 



87 



Table T. 

Trades not Classified — Dundee — Males. 



Ages. 


Living:. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Livinp. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


791 


•7910 


126-422 


50 


49251 


1669 


3-3905 


29-490 


11 


99209 


696 


•7020 


112-450 


57 


47582 


1714 


3-6023 


27-762 


12 


98513 


647 


•6568 


1.52-253 


58 


45868 


1767 


3-8538 


25-947 


13 


97866 


602 


•6148 


162-655 


59 


44101 


1828 


4-1451 


24-125 


14 


97264 


582 


•5981 


167-196 


60 


42273 


1875 


4-4365 


22-538 


15 


96682 


583 


•6034 


165-728 


61 


40398 


1909 


4^7278 


21-151 


16 


96099 


601 


•6259 


159-770 


62 


38489 


1931 


5^0192 


19-924 


17 


95498 


630 


•6601 


151-492 


63 


36558 


1941 


5^3106 


18-829 


18 


94868 


661. 


•7003 


142-796 


64 


34617 


1939 


5-6020 


17-851 


19 


94204 


698 


•7410 


134-953 


65 


32678 


1942 


5^9429 


16-827 


20 


93506 


731 


•7818 


127-910 


66 


30736 


1946 


0^3332 


15-790 


21 


92775 


763 


•8225 


121-581 


67 


28790 


1950 


6"7731 


14-765 


22 


92012 


794 


•8632 


115-848 


68 


26840 


1948 


7-2(504 


13^774 


23 


9I2I8 


825 


•9039 


110-632 


69 


24892 


1941 


7-8012 


12^819 


24 


90393 


854 


•9446 


105-865 


70 


22951 


1914 


8-3400 


lh990 


25 


89539 


882 


•9851 


101-513 


71 


21037 


1867 


8-8788 


11-263 


26 


88657 


909 


r0255 


97-466 


72 


19170 


1805 


9-4176 


10^618 


27 


87748 


935 


r0656 


93-809 


73 


17365 


1728 


9-9564 


10-011 


28 


86813 


960 


M055 


90-416 


74 


15637 


1641 


10-4953 


9-524 


29 


85853 


983 


1-1453 


87-336 


75 


13996 


1565 


11-1859 


8-937 


30 


84870 


1005 


M850 


84-388 


76 


12431 


1495 


12-0283 


8-313 


31 


838(55 


1027 


r2247 


81-633 


77 


10936 


1424 


13-0225 


7-680 


32 


82838 


1047 


1-26U 


79-114 


78 


9512 


1347 


14-1684 


7-057 


33 


81791 


1066 


r3041 


76-687 


79 


8165 


1262 


15-4661 


6-464 


34 


80725 


1081 


1^3438 


74-405 


80 


6903 


1162 


16-7638 


5-967 


35 


79641 


1110 


P3940 


71-736 


81 


5741 


1036 


18-0615 


5-537 


36 


78531 


1142 


1-4548 


68-729 


82 


4705 


911 


19-3592 


5-165 


37 


77389 


1181 


r5261 


65-531 


83 


3794 


784 


20-6569 


4-840 


38 


76208 


1225 


1-6080 


62-189 


84 


3010 


661 


21-9546 


4-556 


39 


7-1983 


1274 


P7003 


58-824 


85 


2349 


545 


23-2132 


4-308 


40 


73709 


1321 


1-7927 


55-772 


86 


1804 


441 


24-4327 


4-093 


41 


72388 


1364 


1-8850 


53-050 


87 


1363 


349 


25-6131 


3-905 


42 


71024 


1404 


1-9774 


50-582 


88 


1014 


271 


26-7544 


3-738 


43 


69620 


1440 


2-0697 


48-309 


89 


743 


207 


27-8566 


3-589 


U 


68180 


1474 


2-1619 


46-253 


90 


536 


155 


28-9588 


3-453 


45 


66706 


1503 


2-2542 


44-366 


91 


381 


115 


30-0010 


3-327 


, 46 
47 


65203 


1530 


2-3465 


43-608 


92 


266 


82 


31-1632 


3-209 


63673 


1552 


2-4388 


41-000 


93 


184 


59 


32-2654 


3-299 


48 


62121 


1572 


2-5313 


39-510 


94 


125 


41 


33-3676 


2.997 


49 


60549 


1592 


2-6237 


38-110 


95 


84 


28 


34-4638 


2-902 


50 


58957 


1601 


2-7162 


36-819 


96 


56 


19 


35-5071 


2-816 


51 


57356 


1611 


2-8087 


35-600 


97 


37 


13 


36-4348 


2-745 


52 


55745 


1617 


2-9012 


34-471 


98 


24 


8 


37-2708 


2-683 


53 


54128 


1620 


2-9937 


33-400 


99 


16 


8 


38-0000 


2.631 


54 


52508 


1620 


3-0860 


32-404 


100 


8 


8 


38-6500 


2-587 


55 


50888 


1637 


3-2184 


31075 













88 



DURATION OF LIFE 









Table T, 


continued. 














Dundee.— 


-Females. 








Ages. 


LiTing. 


Dyinp;. 


Mortality 
per Cent. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


Ages. 


Living. 


Dying. 


Mortality 
per C. nt. 


Specific 
Intensity. 


10 


100000 


792 


•7920 


126^263 


56 


54982 


1648 


2^9980 


33-356 


11 


9920S 


712 


•7180 


139^276 


57 


5333i 


1685 


3^]602 


31^646 


12 


98496 


676 


•6864 


145-688 


58 


51649 


1724 


3-3395 


29^940 


13 


97820 


643 


•6578 


152-022 


59 


49925 


1765 


3-5360 


28-281 


14 


97177 


605 


•6228 


160-565 


60 


48160 


1797 


3^7325 


26^788 


15 


96572 


584 


•()050 


165-289 


61 


46363 


1821 


3^9290 


25^452 


1(5 


95988 


575 


•5994 


166-834 


62 


4454-2 


1837 


4^1255 


24-237 


17 


95413 


573 


•6010 


166-389 


63 


42705 


1845 


4-3220 


23-137 


18 


94840 


573 


•6042 


165-508 


64 


40860 


1846 


4-5185 


22-129 


19 


94267 


598 


•6347 


157-555 


65 


39014 


1869 


4-7928 


20-864 


20 


93669 


623 


•6652 


150-331 


66 


37145 


1911 


5-1416 


19-436 


21 


93046 


647 


•6957 


143-740 


67 


35234 


1964 


5-5763 


17-931 


22 


92399 


671 


•7262 


137-703 


68 


33270 


2024 


6-0859 


16-431 


23 


91728 


694 


•7567 


132-153 


69 


31246 


2085 


6-6731 


14-986 


24 


91034 


717 


•7872 


127-033 


70 


29161 


2117 


7^2604 


13-774 


25 


90317 


739 


•8185 


122-175 


71 


27044 


2122 


7^81.79 


12^742 


26 


89578 


762 


•8506 


117-564 


72 


24922 


2101 


8^4332 


lh858 


27 


88816 


785 


•8836 


113-173 


73 


22821 


2058 


9^0205 


ir085 


28 


88031 


808 


•9174 


109-004 


74 


20763 


1994 


9^6038 


10^412 


29 


87223 


830 


•9521 


105-031 


75 


18769 


1928 


10-2758 


9^728 


30 


86393 


853 


•9868 


101-338 


76 


16841 


1858 


11-0365 


9^058 


31 


85540 


874 


1-0215 


97-847 


77 


14983 


1780 


11^8859 


8^410 


32 


84666 


894 


h0562 


94-697 


78 


13203 


1692 


12-8220 


7^800 


33 


83772 


914 


1 ^0909 


91-659 


79 


11511 


1594 


13-8.'508 


7^220 


34 


82858 


933 


M256 


88-810 


80 


9917 


1475 


14-8796 


6-720 


35 


81925 


955 


M663 


85-763 


81 


8442 


1343 


15-9084 


6-285 


36 


80970 


982 


1-2129 


82-440 


82 


7099 


1202 


16-9372 


5-903 


37 


75988 


1012 


1-2655 


78-989 


83 


5897 


10.59 


17-9660 


5-565 


38 


78976 


1015 


1-3240 


75-929 


84 


4S3S 


919 


18-9949 


5-266 


39 


77931 


1082 


1-3886 


71-994 


85 


3919 


787 


20-0714 


4-983 


40 


76849 


1116 


1-1531 


68-823 


86 


3132 


664 


21-1955 


4-717 


41 


75733 


1149 


1-5177 


65-876 


87 


2468 


552 


22-3673 


4-470 


42 


74584 


1180 


1-5823 


63-211 


88 


1916 


452 


23-5868 


4-239 


43 


73404 


1208 


1-6469 


60-716 


89 


1461 


364 


24-8539 


4-024 


44 


72196 


1235 


1^7115 


58-41 1 


90 


1100 


287 


26-1210 


3-828 


45 


70961 


1266 


1-7852 


56.022 


91 


813 


223 


27.3882 


• 3-651 


46 


69695 


1302 


1^8682 


53-533 


92 


590 


169 


28-6553 


3-489 


47 


68393 


1340 


1'96()4 


51-020 


93 


421 


126 


29-9225 


3^342 


48 


67053 


1382 


2-0617 


48-4-97 


94 


295 


92 


3M897 


3-206 


49 


65671 


1426 


2-1723 


46.041 


95 


203 


66 


32^5032 


3^077 


50 


64245 


146() 


2-2829 


43-082 


96 


137 


46 


33-8471 


2^954 


51 


62779 


1502 


2-3935 


41-771 


97 


91 


32 


35-2034 


2^811 


52 


61277 


1531 


2-5041 


3,9-<«{; 


98 


59 


21 


36-5720 


2^734 


53 


59743 


1562 


2-6147 


38-241 


99 


38 


14 


37-9710 


2^634 


51 


58181 


1585 


2^7253 


36-697 


100 


21 


21 


39-3000 


2-515 


55 


56596 


1614 


2^85;]1 


35-051 













IN SCOTLAND. 



89 



For many purposes, the mode of representing the value of life at various ages, under 
the expression " Expectation of Life," will be found inadequate. The method by which 
that value is obtained for a given age, involves the consideration of the decrements of 
life at every superior age ; and therefore, in any Table, the Expectation of Life, even at 
younger ages, will be effected by the irregularities of mortality at the older ages. It 
consequently sometimes happens that a comparison of different Tables, especially at the 
younger and middle periods of Ufe, may shew an equal or nearly equal Expectation 
while there are in reality very different chances under the two Tables of hving a given 
number of years ; and again. Expectation Tables may shew very different values for the 
same age, when according to the nature of the data there are equal chances of living the 
same number of years. 

From what has been said it wlQ be seen, that although the " Expectation of Life " 
expresses the true average duration in years of a certain number of individuals at a 
given age, yet it does not represent the chances of surviving an equivalent number of years ; 
and consequently, for medical and other purposes, in which it is required to determine the 
relative value, improvement, or other change which may have taken place within a given 
period of life, another expression must be found. The Equation of Life, which repre- 
sents a term of years for which there is an equal probability of living, appears to be the 
best mode to determine the comparative value of life in different Classes or different Dis- 
tricts, within the same period of years, as the expression is affected by the mortality within 
those ages only. In order to shew the relation which the Equation of Life bears to the 
Expectation of Life, the expression under each form, corresponding to the decennial ages, 
are given for various classes of results in 

Table U. 
Equation of Life — England and Wales. 



Ages. 
10 


England and Wales. 






Friendly Societies (Msles) 








Females. 


Age. 


Males. 


Females. 


Rural Districts. 


Town Districts. 


City Di 


^tricts. 


Kural.Toivn&City. 


liural, Town & City. 


Equation. 


Expectation 


Equation. 


Expectation 


Equation. 


Expectation 


Equation 


Expectation 


Equation. 


Expectation 


liquation. 


Expectation 


Equation. 


Expectation 


52-305 


47 756 


53-554 


48-383 


58-375 


53-258 


54-315 


50-537 


51-743 


47-913 


56-408 


51-810 


56-749 


49-493 


10 


20 


44-212 


40-691 


43-706 


41-598 


49-353 


45355 


45-201 


42-274 


43 052 


40-015 


47-434 


43-774 


49-702 


45-264 


20 


30 


36-482 


34-099 


38-066 


35-167 


40-813 


38-407 


36-517 


34-575 


34-920 


32-860 


38-972 


36-605 


41-017 


38-184 


30 


40 


28-790 


27-476 


30-412 


28-733 


32-129 


30-972 


28135 


27-153 


27-218 


26-087 


30-531 


29-331 


32-248 


30-781 


40 


50 


21-255 


20-846 


22-697 


22-055 


23609 


23-470 


20-053 


19-973 


20-056 


19-927 


22-344 


22-192 


23-894 


23-820 


50 


60 


14-285 


14-585 


15-355 


15-523 


15-923 


16-6.52 


12-815 


13 761 


13-295 


13-769 


14-945 


15-694 


16-236 


17-238 


60 



Scotland. — Friendly Societies. — Males. 



Ages. 


Rural Distriets. 


Town Districts, 


City Districts. 


Rural, TowTi, and City. 


Ages. 


Equation. 


Expectation. 


Equation. Expectation. 


Equation. 


Expectation. 


Equation. 


Expectation. 


10 

20 
30 
40 
50 
60 


57-474 
48-467 
39-995 
31-493 
23-266 
15-990 


53-051 
44-990 
37-783 
30-305 
22-898 
16-018 


55-828 
46-407 
37-106 
28-020 
19-441 
11-217 


50-743 
42-752 
35-040 
27-641 
20-742 
13-121 


43-371 
34-753 
27-831 
21-255 
16-409 
12/688 


42-637 
34-586 
28-635 
22-647 
17-386 
13-335 


54-567 
45-656 
37-478 
29-539 
21-917 
15-174 


50-803 
42-722 
.35-651 
28-657 
21-812 
15-018 


10 

20 
30 
40 
50 
60 



A A 



90 



DURATION OF LIFE IN SCOTLAND. 
Trades in Friendly Societies (Males) England. 









Plumbers, Painters, 














Liibourers. 


Clerks. 


and Glaziers. 


Bakers. 


M iners. 




Age. 


Rural Districts. 


Rural, Town and City. 


Rural, Town and City. 


Rural, Town and City. 


Rur.-il, Town, and City. 


Age. 


Equation. 


Expectation. 


Equation. 


Expectation 


Equation. 


Expectation. 


E uation. 


Expectation. 


Equation. 


Expectation. 


10 


61-512 


50-005 


41-920 


39-985 


46-666 


43-066 


49-546 


47-982 


51-402 


48-516 


10 


20 


52-240 


47-906 


33-500 


31-835 


39-101 


36-904 


41-034 


40-027 


42-186 


40-670 


20 


30 


43-341 


40-597 


27-416 


27-576 


31-262 


30-508 


33-039 


32-357 


33-187 


33-157 


30 


40 


34-349 


32-769 


19-945 


21-857 


23-508 


24-305 


25-001 


24-476 


24-067 


24-920 


40 


50 


25-634 


25-075 


13-548 


16-046 


15-384 


17-096 


19-470 


19-091 


15-890 


17-;-35 


50 


60 


17-574 


17-821 


11-616 


12-426 


9-779 


12-168 


13-630 


14-063 


10-414 


11-859 


60 



The terms in the respective columns headed Equation, were determined as follows : — 

Let E^ z= the number alive in the columns headed " Living " in Tables C, F, I, 
&c., &c., at the given age ^_ 

Then -~- zz the number alive at an advanced age, ^ -|- „ 



which will always 



be intermediate between the proximate years of age t+ „ _ *, and 
^ + „ + ^ ~ *, the fraction * of which is determined as foUows : 
X (e, + „_<i. — E;, + „ ) — x(e^ + „_* — E^ + „+ 1 _ *•) 

An inspection of Table U wiU shew, that at the earlier ages the Equation of 
Life always exceeds the Expectation, and that at those ages there is always an even chance 
of outliving the period of years represented by the Expectation of Life ; but the converse 
is the case for the older ages. It wiU be further seen, that in those Tables giving a 
higher absolute value to Life, the Equation retains its superiority over the Expectation 
tUl a more advanced period of years ; or in other words, if the Equation and Expectation 
of Life in any Table be compared, the more advanced the period of life at which the two 
expressions approximate to equal values, the higher is the absolute value of life throughout 
that Table. An example of this vnR be seen in observing the respective tenns for the 
City and Rural Districts, in the former of which the approximation happens ten years 
earlier than in the other : again, if the results for the Labourers in the Rural Districts 
be compared with the results for Clerks, thirty years' difference wiU be found; and on 
comparison of the results for other Classes in Table U, intermediate periods of approxi- 
mation wiU appear. 



INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 



The next part of this question to be brought under consideration is the Influence of 
Locahty on the amount of Sickness among the members of Friendly Societies. 

In Tables E and L, the amount of Sickness is given among a certain number of per- 
sons, at eveiy year of life, expressed in weeks and decimals of a week; and in an adjacent 
column will be found the amount of siclmess among the same number of persons in quin- 
quennial periods of life, also the average amount of Sickness to each individual per annum. 
In the same Table the amount of Sickness under the various arrangements described for 
each of the Districts recognised in the Tables of ]\Iortality is also given ; and an inspection 
of the last column will give a general idea of the relative amount of Sickness in those 
Districts. 

Table V has been formed from the last column of Tables E and L, by interpolating 
the terms for the intermediate years of age, by the method of third differences ; and the 
adjusted results were afterwards obtained in the same manner as that described for the 
Rates of ^Mortality in Tables C and F, in the early part of this Paper. 

Owing to the greater practical convenience of collecting and arranging the data, as 
well as of subsequently applying the results to the more useful purposes of Friendly So- 
cieties, the Amount of Sicloiess throughout the whole of this Paper is invariably expressed 
under the denomination of weeks. For example, in Table V, opposite to Age 35, and under 
the head " Rural Districts," the decimal expression -8991 signifies that the average Amount 
of Sickness to each individual per annum is that fraction of a week. And again, opposite 
the same Age, in the column " City Districts," the average Amount of Sickness to each 
person in the course of a year is 1'2372 weeks. When, however, it is required to change 
the expression to the more scientific denomination of the fraction of a year, that may be 
easily done by multiplying any of the results by -019178. 

[An examination 



92 



INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY 



Table V. 
Average Sickness per Annum to Each Person at the Following Ages — Expressed in Weeks. 



A 26. 


ENGLAND AND WALES. 


SCOTLAND 


Age. 


ENGLAND AND WALES. 


SCOTLAND 


Rural 


Town 


City 


Rural, Town 


Rural, Town, 


Rural 


Town 


City 


Rural, Town 


Rur^il. Town. 


**r> 


Districts. 


Districts. 


Districts. 


iCitjDJstricts 


%CityDi^t^ict8 




Districts. 


Districts. 


Distri'cts. 


&CityDiitric!.- 


tCity Districts 


10 


•2257 


1-2666 


•3453 


•4659 


•2197 


56 


2-5240 


3-4903 


3^5246 


2-8956 


2-8279 


11 


•4233 


1-0820 


•3453 


•5616 


•2197 


57 


2-7756 


3-7450 


3^7545 


3-1371 


3-0307 


12 


•5969 


•9392 


•3453 


•6412 


•2446 


58 


3-0811 


4-0670 


3^9932 


3-4293 


3-2841 


13 


•7205 


•8382 


•3453 


•7046 


•2945 


59 


3-4402 


4-4564 


4^2408 


3-7722 


3-5879 


14 


•8041 


•7788 


•3453 


•7520 


•3692 


60 


3-8531 


4-9132 


4-4973 


4-1657 


3-9423 


15 


•8437 


•7612 


•3453 


•7833 


•4689 


61 


4^3198 


5-4373 


4-7626 


4-6099 


4-3472 


16 


•8414 


•7853 


•3453 


•7984 


•5935 


62 


4-9.S08 


6-1219 


5-0357 


5-1904 


4-8894 


17 


•8397 


•8069 


•3674 


•8117 


•6946 


63 


5-6863 


6-9670 


5-3167 


5-9073 


5^5687 


18 


•8387 


•8259 


•4115 


•8230 


•7722 


64 


6-5862 


7-9726 


5-6054 


6-7605 


6^3853 


19 


•8384 


•8424 


•4777 


•8324 


•8264 


65 


7-6305 


9-1387 


5-9019 


7-7501 


7-3391 


20 


•8387 


•8564 


•5659 


•8398 


•8570 


66 


8-8192 


10-4652 


6-2062 


8-8760 


8-4302 


21 


•8397 


•8678 


•6762 


•8453 


•8642 


67 


10-0700 


11-7646 


6-7643 


10-0679 


9-6159 


22 


•8426 


•8746 


•7713 


•8515 


•8688 


68 


11-3829 


13-0368 


7-5761 


11-3257 


10-8964 


23 


•8475 


•8767 


•8511 


•8585 


•8709 


69 


12-7579 


14-2817 


8-6417 


12-6494 


12-2715 


24 


•8542 


•8741 


•9157 


•8661 


•8703 


70 


14-1919 


15-4995 


9-9610 


14-0391 


13-7414 


25 


•8630 


•8649 


•9650 


•8744 


•8672 


71 


15-6940 


16-6901 


11-5.341 


15-4947 


15-3060 


26 


•8736 


•8551 


•9991 


•8834 


•8615 


72 


17-1025 


18-1368 


13-5632 


16-9652 


16-9019 


27 


•8802 


•8504 


1-0303 


•8915 


•8557 


73 


18-4205 


19-8395 


16-0483 


18-4506 


18-5292 


28 


•8827 


•8529 


1-0584 


•8988 


•8498 


74 


19-6479 


21-7984 


18-9894 


19-9509 


20-1877 


29 


•8810 


•8626 


1-0837 


•9052 


•8437 


75 


20-7848 


24-0134 


22-3864 


21-4661 


21-8777 


30 


•8753 


•8794 


1-1059 


•9107 


•8376 


76 


21-8312 


26-4844 


26-2394 


22-9963 


23-5989 


31 


•8655 


•9035 


1-1252 


•9154 


-8314 


77 


22-7113 


28-6170 


29-4479 


24-3088 


25-0897 


32 


•8630 


•9287 


M480 


•9250 


-8302 


78 


23-4252 


30-4112 


32-0120 


25-4036 


26-3501 


33 


•8677 


•9551 


M742 


•9396 


-8340 


79 


23-9730 


31-8669 


33-9315 


26-2809 


27-3800 


34 


•8798 


•9827 


r2040 


•9591 


•8429 


80 


24-3545 


32-9841 


35-2065 


26-9405 


28^1795 


35 


•8991 


roii4 


r2372 


•9836 


•8567 


81 


24-5698 


33-7629 


35-8370 


27-3825 


28^7485 


36 


•9257 


1^0414 


r2740 


roiso 


•8756 


82 


24-8912 


34-6970 


36-3375 


27-9052 


29^4124 


37 


•9551 


1^0819 


1-3152 


1-0474 


•8970 


83 


25-3187 


35^7864 


36-7080 


28-5086 


30-1713 


38 


•9872 


1^1330 


1-3611 


1-0869 


•9210 


84 


25-8523 


37^0310 


36-9484 


29-1927 


31-0250 


39 


r0221 


M947 


1-4114 


M313 


•9476 


85 


26-4920 


38-4310 


37-0588 


29-9575 


31-9737 


40 


1^0677 


r2669 


1-4G63 


M808 


•9767 


86 


27-2378 


39-9863 


37-0392 


30-8030 


33-0174 


41 


M002 


1-3498 


1-5258 


r2353 


r0083 


87 


27-5232 


4h0552 


37-0235 


31-0985 


33-7581 


42 


M398 


1-4477 


1-5901 


1-2939 


1-0512 


88 


27^3481 


41^8378 


37-0118 


30-8440 


34-1959 


43 


1-1786 


1-5608 


1-6593 


1-3565 


1-1053 


89 


26^7126 


42^3340 


37-0039 


30-0394 


34-3308 


44 


1-2166 


1-6890 


1-7335 


1-4232 


1-1707 


90 


25^6167 


42 •5438 


37-0000 


28-6849 


.34-1628 


45 


1^2537 


1-8323 


1-8125 


1-4939 


1-2472 


91 


24^0603 


42-6673 


37-0000 


26-7804 


33-6918 


46 


1-2900 


1-9908 


1-8964 


1-5688 


1-3350 


92 


22^0610 


42^9661 


37-0000 


24-4216 


33-6451 


47 


1-3417 


2-1423 


1-9954 


1-6528 


1-4397 


93 


19-6187 


43-2402 


37-0000 


21-6085 


34-0225 


48 


1-4089 


2-2.S71 


2-1095 


1-7461 


1-5612 


94 


16-7334 


43-4896 


37^0000 


18^3411 


34-8242 


49 


1-4915 


2-4249 


2-2388 


1-8486 


1-6996 


95 


13-4051 


43-7143 


37^0000 


14^6194 


36-0500 


50 


1 -5896 


2-5559 


2-3831 


1-9603 


1-8548 


96 


9-6.339 


43-7143 


37^0000 


10^4434 


37-7000 


51 


1-7031 


2-6800 


2-5426 


2-0812 


2-0269 


97 


6^6169 


43-7143 


37^0000 


7^1026 


39-0200 


52 


1-8335 


2-8168 


2-7144 


2-2161 


2-1950 


98 


4^3541 


43-7143 


37-0000 


4^5970 


40-0100 


53 


1-9808 


2-9662 


2-8985 


2-3650 


2-3592 


99 


2-0914 


43-7143 


37-0000 


2-0914 


41-0000 


54 


2-1450 


3-1280 


3-0949 


2-5279 


2-5194 


100 


2-0914 


43^7143 


37-0000 


2-0914 


41-0000 


55 


2-3260 


3-3029 


3-3036 


2-7047 


2-6756 















ON SICKNESS. 



93 



An examination of the Rates of Sickness as given for the Rural Districts will shew 
that it fluctuates up to the age of 32, and that from that age up to 87 there is a uniform and 
gradual increase. In the To-mti Districts the rate of Sickness will be found subject to a similar 
increase from the age of 27 upwards; and in the City Districts the rate increases through- 
out the whole range of the Table. A comparison will shew a higher rate of sickness in 
the Town than in the Rural Districts, throughout the whole period of life. The rate oi' 
Sickness in the City Districts will also be found higher than in the Rural Districts, from 
23 to 63 years of age ; it then continues at a lower rate up to the age of 75, when it 
again rises, and continues higher tiU the end of life. In the City Districts, from the age 
of 24 to 44, the Sickness ia also higher than in the Town Districts; but from 45 to 57 
the rate in both Districts differs but little. After 57 years of age, to the end of life, there 
is a much higher rate of Sickness in the Town than in the City Districts. The follow- 
ing Abstract of Table V will give a general view of the relative amount of Sickness in 
the various Districts. 



Ages. 


Average Sickness per Annum to each Person — expressed in Weeks. f 


Rural Districts. 


Town Districts. 


City Districts. 


The Three Districts 
combined. 


20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 


-8387 

■8630 

-8753 

-8991 

1-0677 

1-2537 

1-5896 

2-3260 

3-8531 

7-6305 

14-1949 

20-7848 

24-3545 


•8564 

-8649 

-8794 

1.0114 

1-2669 

1-8323 

2-5559 

3^3029 

4-9132 

9-1387 

15-4995 

24-0134 

32-9841 


•5659 

•9650 

1-1059 

1-2372 

1^4663 

1-8125 

2-3831 

3-3036 

4'4973 

5-9019 

9-9610 

22-3864 

35-2065 


•8398 

•8744 

•9107 

•9836 

1-1808 

1-4939 

1-9603 

2-7047 

4-1657 

7-7501 

14-0391 

21-4661 

26-9405 



Sickness will be found to follow to some extent the same law with regard to the 
influence of Locality, that was observed to connect itself with Mortality; being least in 
the Rural Districts, and increasing in amount in the other Districts ; but it wiU be 
observed that the relation of cause and eflbct generally supposed to exist between Sickness 
and Mortality is not here manifested — in fact, the highest ratio of Sickness is sometimes 
foimd associated with a favourable rate of Mortality. In order to show, however, the 
merits of this hypothesis for the general results of the Three Districts, a Table is subjoined 
shewing the increase per cent, in the rate of Mortality in the Town and City Districts 
above the Rural, also the increased rate of Sickness in the same Districts at the corre- 
sponding ages. B B 



94 



INFLUENCE Of LOCALITY 





Increased Mortality per Cent. abo»e the 
Rural Districts in the 


Increased Sickness per Cent, above the 
Rural Districts in the 


Ages. 


Ages. 


Town Districts, 


City Districts. 


Town Districts. 


City Districts. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


27-6008 
5-4852 
20-4517 
35-5833 
51-5277 
43-2990 


12-7200 
30-5204 
75-7842 
61-6666 
41-0185 
26-7248 


2-1104 

0-4684 

18-6560 

60-7220 

27-5130 

9-1906 


32-7650 
26-3338 
37-3419 
49-9182 
16-7200 
29-8191 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 



Abundant evidence in addition to this is furnished out of the present materials illus- 
trative of this point ; for example, Labourers, although influenced by the most favourable 
rate of mortality, are found to be subject to as high an amount of Sickness as the 
general average ; and so also are some other occupations, in which the rate of mortality 
is also favourable, found subject to a rate of sickness much above the average. 

Again, the Sickness among the Sixteen Trades formerly referred to is less than the 
general average, although, as has been she^vn, they experience a greater Mortality. 
Bakers also, at the early and middle periods of hfe, are less subject to sickness than 
the general average, and among them there is likewise a higher Mortality. The class 
Butchers seem to experience a very high rate of Mortahty, although not subject to above 
the average amount of Sickness. In applying the test of Mortality to various localities 
and employments there is no difiiculty, but the case is very difierent in ^aewing Sickness 
as an index to the sanitary condition of any trade or of any locality. What constitutes 
Sickness in one case, is often a very different thing from that in another. The standard 
seems too indefinite and capricious ; and although the results as obtained may be con- 
sidered perfect for aU the purposes of Friendly Societies, a careful inquiry AviU shew their 
vague nature for medical and other scientific purposes, unless carried further than the 
mere amount of Sickness, without regard to the circumstances under which it has taken 
place, and the causes producing it. Taking two occupations — Tailors and Clerks — which 
happen to be of readiest reference, they are found subject to a very high rate of Mortality ; 
stUl they do not seem, particularly Clerks, to be subject to so much as the average amoimt 
of Sickness ; and on consideration of the nature of those employments, it wiU immediately 
suggest itself, that the same trivial circmnstances which would be sufiicient to disable 
Sawyers, and also Colliers and Miners, would have httle effect on those following quiet 
occupations. Sawyers, CoUiers, and Miners are subject to accidents and various injuries 
which cannot be considered constitutional disease or sickness ; yet it entitles them to 
relief from Benefit Societies, and they will of course be returned on the sick Ust. 
Tailors and Clerks are less subject to those accidents, and accordingly their Sickness is 
also less ; the other classes, particularly Colliers and Miners, being much above the average. 



ON SICKNESS. 



95 



But the most striking refutation of the theory, that Sickness and Mortality bear the 
relation to each other of cause and effect, will perhaps be derived from a comparison 
of the General Results of Mortality in Friendly Societies in England for all Districts 
combined, as given in Table F, with that for Scotland in Table M. The result of 
this comparison will be, that the rate of mortality in Scotland among the members of 
Friendly Societies is much higher than among the same class ia England ; and if the 
theory just recited were to hold good, there should also be found a greater amount of 
Sickness in Scotland ; but an inspection of Table V will shew that such is not the case, 
and that instead of there bemg ati increased ratio of Sickness, the ratio is actually below 
that in England. Nothing further need, therefore, be said on this part of the subject ; 
but the argument may be rendered more obvious by an inspection of the following 
Abstract, in which it will be seen that wliile the excess of mortality is uniformly against 
Scotland, the excess of Sickness is as constantly against England. 



Age. 


Mortality per Cent, in 


Excess of Mor- 
tality in Scotland 
per Cent. 


Average Sickness yearly in 


Excess of Sick- 
ness in England 
per Cent. 


England. 


Scotland. 


England. 


Scotland. 


30 
40 
50 
60 


•7563 

•9386 

1^4267 

2-5054 


•7926 
1-0767 
1-5830 
2-9096 


4-7997 
14-7134 
10-9538 
16-1331 


•9107 
M808 
1-9603 
4-1657 


•8376 

-9767 

1-8548 

3-9423 


8-0268 

17-2849 

5-3818 

5-3628 



The nature of the information on the Schedules relating to the Societies in Scotland 
would evidently satisfy many speculations as to the Cause, Duration, and Mortality of 
Sickness and Disease ; but as it is proposed to give in this Paper a simple representation 
of the amoimt of Sickness only in the different Districts, aU inquiries, however interesting 
and instructive, as to the ratio of Sickness to Mortality, under the various circumstances 
which present themselves of Employment and Disease, must for the present remain 
untouched. 



The next part of the subject naturally arising in this Paper is, the Relation which 
the Average Amount of Sickness, as developed by this inquiry, bears to the amount of 
Sickness as hitherto shewn in other Sickness Tables. 

The only Tables to which it is deemed necessary to make reference, are those con- 
tained in the Highland Society's Report for 1824, and the Tables given in the highly 
valuable Work by Mr. AnseU on Friendly Societies, and published in 1835 under the 
superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The follomng wiU 
shew the relative amount of Sickness per annum to each person at given ages according 
to those Tables, and also according to the results of this mquiry. 



96 



INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY. 

Sickness per Annum to Each Person — expressed in Weeks. 



Age. 


Highland 
Society. 


AnseU. 


Three Districts 
Combined, 
Table V. 


Age. 


Highland 
Society. 


AnseU. 


Three Districts 
Combined, 
Table V. 


21 


•575 


•780 


•8453 


46 


1-032 


1-411 


1-5688 


22 


•576 


•785 


-8515 


47 


1-108 


1-475 


1-6528 


23 


•578 


•791 


•8585 


48 


M86 


1^544 


1-7461 


24 


•581 


•798 


•8661 


49 


r272 


P619 


1-8486 


25 


•585 


■806 


•8744 


50 


1^361 


r701 


1^9603 


26 


•590 


•815 


•8834 


51 


1^451 


r791 


2-0812 


27 


■596 


•825 


•8915 


52 


1-541 


1-890 


2-2161 


28 


•603 


•836 


•8988 


53 


1-633 


1-999 


2^3650 


29 


•611 


•848 


•9052 


54 


1-726 


2-120 


2-5279 


30 


•621 


•861 


•9107 


55 


1-821 


2 256 


2-7047 


31 


•631 


•876 


•9154 


56 


r918 


2-410 


2-8956 


32 


•641 


•893 


•9250 


57 


2-018 


2-586 


3-1371 


33 


•652 


•912 


•9396 


58 


2-122 


2-788 


3-4293 


34 


•663 


•933 


•9591 


59 


2-230 


3-021 


3-7722 


35 


•675 


■956 


•9836 


60 


2-346 


3-292 


4-1657 


36 


•688 


•981 


1^0130 


61 


2-500 


3-611 


4-6099 


37 


•702 


1-009 


b0474 


62 


2-736 


3-991 


5-1904 


38 


•718 


b040 


1-0869 


63 


3-100 


4-448 


5-9073 


39 


•737 


1-074 


1-1313 


64 


3-700 


5-001 


6-7605 


40 


•758 


Mil 


1-1808 


65 


4-400 


5-672 


7-7501 


41 


•784 


M51 


1-2353 


66 


5-400 


6-486 


8^8760 


42 


•814 


M95 


1-2939 


67 


6-600 


7-471 


10^0679 


43 


•852 


1-243 


1^3565 


68 


7-900 


8-659 


11^3257 


44 


•902 


1-295 


. r4232 


69 


9-300 


10^086 


12^6494 


45 


•962 


1-351 


1-4939 


70 


10-701 


11-793 


14-0391 



^ For the sake of a more convenient and general view of the relative merits of those 
diiferent results, the following Abstract is giyen. 



Age. 




Annual Amount of £ 


ickness to Each Person- 


— Expressed in Weeks. 








Average of all 


Excess per Cent, above 


Excess per Cent. 




Highland Society. 


Ansell. 


Districts, Table V. 


Highland Society. 


above Ansell. 


20 


-575 


-776 


-840 


31-5476 


7-6190 


30 


-621 


-861 


-911 


3r8331 


5-4884 


40 


-758 


1-111 


1-181 


35-8171 


5-9272 


50 


1-361 


1-701 


1-960 


30-5612 


13-2142 


60 


2-346 


3-292 


4-l()6 


43-6869 


20-9798 


70 


10-701 


11-793 


14039 


23-7766 


23-0636 



The remarkable increase in the amount of Sickness, as she^vn by the present results, be- 
yond the two other Tables, wiU no doubt appear very startling to those not intimately ferailiar 
with the condition of Friendly Societies throughout the country. The rate of Sickness as 
given in the Table of the Highland Society has been long and generally acknowledged to 



ox SICKNESS. 97 

be much below the actual average, and even so tar back as 1825 it was thought unfavour- 
ably of by a Committee of the House of Commons. It is unnecessary to enter into the 
objections against the nature and source from which the data for the Highland Society's 
Table were obtained, as that subject has been amply discussed elsewhere. For some time 
after Mr. Ansell's work appeared, it was thought that contributions calculated according 
to the increased amount of Sickness shewn in his Tables would render Friendly Societies 
pei'fectly safe ; but instances occur almost daily of Societies breaking doAvn, whose contri- 
butions approximate to those Tables ; and recently the increased amount of Sickness has 
become so apparent to the members of some of the best regulated Societies, that Meetings 
have been held, and Eeports of a veiy clear and apposite kind published, pointing to the 
increased amount of Sickness as the cause of their falling condition. A knowledge of 
circumstances of this kind first led to the present inquiry, the original object of which was 
simply to answer the question, Wliether Friendly Societies actually were subject to a 
higher rate of Sickness. 

Mr. Ansell's data had reference to the five years 1823-1827; and it is difiicult to 
account for the difference between his Tables and the present results, unless it be consi- 
dered that the imperfect manner in which the affairs of Friendly Societies at that period 
were managed, did not allow of so accurate information being then obtained as now, 
when required by Act of Parliament to make quinquennial returns. In Scotland, at the 
time even of collecting the data for tliis inquiry, it was found that quadruple the Societies 
would have filled up Schedules in competition for the prizes offered, but were prevented 
doing so by the incomplete system in which their books were kept. It is not improbable 
that the difference of the two classes of results may be partially accounted for by the 
smallness of the numbers over which his observations extended, as in the aggregate they 
amounted to 24323 years of life only, or about 5000 persons for a period of five years. 
If this fact is considered, and at the same time the irregularities which peculiarity 
of employment and other circumstances have been shewn to produce, it ^viU not be 
difficult to account for the discrepancy. If the nature of Mr. Ansell's Treatise had 
required an enumeration of these features, it would have been interesting to have traced 
the cause. 

It is not believed that the mere fact of small numbers would, of itself, be sufficient 
to account for the difference, without at the same time a pecufiarity in the combination 
of the employments of the persons composmg those numbers ; for not the least remark- 
able feature which has appeared in the present inquiry is, the uniformity of the results 
as to sickness, mth even smaller numbers than those included in Mr. Ansell's state- 
ment, when aU the facts recorded were under similar circumstances as to locality and 
emplojTnent. 

c c 



98 



INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY 



In order to give a still further and more comprehensive view of the several Tables 
over periods of years, the following arrangement may be useful. 

Comparative amount of Sickness in various periods of Years according to the 
Sickness Tables of the Highland Society, the Tables by Mr. Ansell, and the 
Results of this Inquiry. 



Frnm Age 


Amount of Sickness in e:ich period of Years 


, expressed in W 


eeks. 


Highland 
Society. 


Ansell. 


Average for the 
Three Districts. 


Excess perCent. 

over Highland 

Society. 


Excess 

per Cent. 

over Ansell. 


20 


— 30 


5-870 


8-060 


8-7145 


.32-6410 


7-5100 


30 


— 40 


6-728 


9-535 


9-9120 


32-1227 


3-8035 


40 


— 50 


9-670 


13-395 


14-7999 


34-6617 


9-4926 


50 


— 60 


17-827 


22-562 


27-0894 


34-1920 1 


16-7120 


60 


— 70 


47-982 


58-717 


77-3029 


37-9290 


24-0420 


70 
20 


— 80 

— 40 






205-3562 
18-6265 






12-598 


17-595 


32-3652 


5-5378 


30 


— 50 


16-398 


22-930 


24-7119 


32-8775 


7-2107 


40 


— 60 


27-491 


35-957 


41-8893 


34-3723 


14-1618 


50 


— 70 


65-803 


81-279 


104-3923 


36-9650 


22.1100 


60 

20 


— 80 

— 50 






282-6591 
33-4264 






22-268 


30-990 


33-.3820 


7-2888 


30 


— 60 


34-219 


45-492 


51-8013 


33-9416 


12-1798 


40 


— 70 


75-473 


94-674 


119-1922 


36-6796 


20-5703 


50 
20 


— 80 

— 60 






309-7485 
60-5158 






40-089 


53-552 


33-7545 


11 -.5074 


30 


— 70 


82-201 


104-209 


129-1042 


28 5841 


19-2831 


40 
20 


— 80 

— 70 






324-5484 

137-8187 






88-071 


112-269 


36-0965 


18-5386 


30 

20 


— 80 

— 80 






334-4604 
343-1749 




















] 



An inspection of the fourth and fifth columns of the above Table wiU afford the most 
conclusive e-vidence of the increased ratio of Sickness above that set forth in previous 
Tables. To those interested in the progress of Friendly Societies the results are highly 
important, as they will demonstrate the impossibility of permanence in those institutions 
on their present foundations. Considering the immense number of those Societies which 
have broken do-\vn, it is lamentable to think that so little should have been done to ascer- 
tain the real nature and extent of the risks to which they are subject. It is stiU more 
remarkable that so many legislative enactments shoiild have occupied the attention of the 



ON SICKNESS. 99 

Government of the country from time to time, and that Committees also of the House of 
Commons should have had the condition of those Societies for several years under con- 
sideration, without any practical measure being carried out for collecting and arranging 
data in a proper shape to point out the true character of tlie liabilities to which they are 
subject. In fact, the encouragement given to the formation of those Societies by some recent 
Acts of Parliament should be regarded as an evil rather than as a benefit to the worldng 
classes. An immense number of Societies were formed in a very short period, and their 
contributions regulated by the most delusive and inadequate data, so that at the present 
time very few are to be found calculated to survive many years. Under a scientific and amply 
developed system, those Societies would be calculated, at no distant period, to completely 
remove the cause of nearly aU that poverty, distress, and misery, which haunt our manu- 
facturing towns, and fill our workhouses with the working classes of the country ; but 
OAving to the imjjerfect and unstable foundation on which they are at present built, instead 
of being a help and a suj)port to a poor man, they involve him in those ditficulties for 
which he might otherwise have provided. On becoming a member of such a Society, he 
reasonably looks forward to it as a support for his declining years, and a protection 
during periods of sickness and disease ; but ultimately, at the very time when assistance is 
required, he discovers that the Society has been formed on a ruinous plan, that the in- 
creasuig years and infirmities of its members have absoi"bed aU its funds, and that those 
surviving must be thrown destitute on the parish as a public charity. It is thus, by the 
most iU conceived of all proceedings, the legislation of the Government has hitherto tended. 
Every facility and encouragement are given to the formation of Societies, without any help 
or information for their management or guidance. The ship is cast upon the waves witli- 
out a rudder or a compass, and the safety of the vessel left to accident and chance. 

As stated, a Committee of the House of Commons reported, in 1825, unfavourably of 
the Talile of Sickness furnished in the preceding year by the Highland Society ; still no 
other data were supplied on which any more confidence could be placed : the consequence 
was, that Societies were formed, and continued to be managed, on calculations resulting 
from the same data ; and, even up tiLL the present time, thousands of those Societies are 
conducted either on those terms, or terms still less adequate to carry out the purposes 
contemplated. 

An inspection of Column 4 of the preceding Table will show that, in the decennial 
periods of life for 20-70, the Friendly Societies in England and Wales experience an 
excess of Sickness of from 32 to 37 per cent, above that indicated in the Table of the 
Highland Society, or an average increase of sickness over the whole of that period of fifty 
years of 36'096 per cent.; or, in other words, Friendly Societies actually experience about 
138 weeks' sickness in that fifty years, while the Highland Society Table would lead 
them to expect eighty-eight weeks' only. 



100 



INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY 



Till.' ruin of any Society, under such conditions, is inevitable. There are many other 
errors in the Rules of Friendly Societies, connected -svith the various benefits wliich they 
hold out, calculated to ruin their schemes ; but if it were necessary here to cite instances 
in which Societies have suffered from the simple feature of excessive sickness, abundant 
instances could be pointed out ; but the internal evidence contained in this Paper, of the 
actual rate of sickness experienced by Societies in the aggregate, must also prove that 
individual societies have been sufferers. In illustration of this point, it is impossible to 
avoid quoting a passage from a very able Report, dated 8th of February, 1841, submitted 
to the Edinburgh Compositors' Society, by a Committee appointed to revise the laws. 
They state, in their Report, that the contributions and benefits of the Society were regu- 
lated by the data of the Highland Society ; and, in order to discover whether the experience 
of the Society has harmonized with the original data from which their calculations resulted, 
an investigation of the actual sickness in the Society was made, of which the foUoAnng is 
an Alistract : — 




It vfill thus be seen that the actual Sickness experienced by this Society has exceeded 
that contemplated by the Highland Societ}- Tables by no less an amount tlian 1 1 2 per 



cent. 



The foUoTA-ing gives the amount of Sickness as exjierienced by this Society, and also 



accoi'ding to the results of various Tables, 



Amount of Sickness in Compositors' Society 
Ditto, Highland Society Tables .... 

Ditto, Ansell's Table ...... 

Jiesultsasgivenin this Paper, City Districts, Tabled' 
Results as developed in f Printers 

this investigation. (Colliers and Miners 
ness in Compositors' Society than among Colliex's and Miners. 



Weeks. 

2047 


Days. 
1 


Excess ol" Sickness in 

Compositors' Society. 

Weeks. Days. 


965 


2 


1081 5 


1357 





690 1 


1748 





299 1 


2000 





47 1 


2146 





— 98 SlessSick- 



ON SICKNESS.- 101 

It will thus appear, that while there was in the Society an excess of 112 per cent. 
above the Highland Society's Table, and also an excess of 51 per cent, above Mr. Ansell's 
Table, there is an excess of only 17 per cent, above the results obtained in the present 
inquiry, for the average of aU trades in the City Districts, and of 2 per cent, above the 
general class Printers, which includes both Compositors and Pressmen ; })ut there is at the 
same time also actually less sickness than among Colliers and Miners by nearly 5 per cent. 

It has been shewn that particular Trades and Employments are subject to different 
degrees of Sickness and Mortahty, and the importance of this element in considering the 
Health of Towns, and the influence of Locality on the Duration of Life, has already been 
pointed out ; but in vie-\ving the condition of Friendly Societies, the necessity of consider- 
ing the peculiar eff^ect of certain Trades and Occupations must appear to be of vital 
importance. A most remarkable disparity exists between the Rates of Sickness prevalent in 
different places and in different employments, and Societies may run the greatest hazard by 
incautiously adopting each other's Regulations or Tables ; for so great is the distinction which 
obtains between the Habilities incurred from Members of different Trades, that what would 
be sufficiently safe for one Society might completely ruin another. It may seem to some 
that the excessive Amount of Sickness experienced by the Compositors' Society may be 
accounted for by the fluctuation in small numbers, but on reference to the Report itself 
such will not be found to be the case. The facts extend over a term of sixteen years, 
and the results for the various periods are pretty uniform, and cannot be looked upon 
as the result of any accident, luit must be regarded as a distinctive and proper feature 
of that trade to which the JMembers of the Society belong. 

In calcvdating Tables for the guidance of such a Society, it would evidently not be 
safe to assume the results for the general average of the Country or a given Disti'ict as a 
sufficient basis to proceed upon ; for, allowing such to be the case, and adopting even the 
present results as a standard of calculation, there would still be 17 per cent, of the 
Sickness in the above Society unprovided for. As remarked in respect of the Rates of 
Mortahty in different Trades and Occupations, so also may it be said of Sickness, the 
present inquiry cannot therefore be regarded as complete till the results for the various 
employments are pubhshed. 

Other Societies in Edinburgh, it will be seen from a following quotation from the 
Report in question, have also experienced an increased amount of Sickness beyond the rates 
of the Plighland Society's Table, although the Sickness m those Societies has not equalled in 
amount that of the Compositors' Society. It is stated that the Sickness in those Societies 
amounted " on an average to no less than 87 per cent, niore than the Highland Society's 
rate." Considering this statement, from the correctness of detail in other parts of the 
same Repoxt, to be correct, it seems to be a very remarkable coincidence, that in the City 

D D 



102 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY 

Districts, being that with which those Societies should be brought into comparison, there is, 
according to the results of this investigation, at the same term of life also exactly 87 per 
cent, more Sickness than given in the Highland Society's Table. From 20 to G() years 
of age, according to the Highland Society's Table, (see page 98,) there is forty weeks' 
Sickness to each person ; but according to the City Districts, Table V, there is seventy- 
five weeks' Sickness, or 87 per cent, more than given in the Highland Society's 
Table. 

The practical advantage of thus recognising particular districts and occupations is 
obvious; for had either of the preceding questions been tested by the results for the 
general average, no satisfactory solution could have been offered. Hence the reason why 
some Friendly Societies go on prospering, wliile others, under apparently the same ma- 
nagement and scheme, survive but for a short term of years, to ultimately involve their 
Members, when most in need of support, in ruin. The following Extract from the 
Report of the Committee in question is important : — 

" Tlie average amiual sickness to an individual is as follows : — 



From 20 to 30 years of age, 


Compositors' 
Weeks. Davs, 

1 2 


Society. 
. Hours. 

1 


Highland Society. 
Weeks. Days. Hours. 

4 3 


„ 30 to 40 


1 


2 


22 





4 19 


„ 40 to 50 


1 


3 


3 


1 


4 


„ 50 to 60 


1 





17 


1 


6 3 



" From a comparison of these two rates, it wiU be seen that the Sickness experienced 
by tliis Society has been more than double that given by the Highland Society. Since 
ascertaining this result, the Coimnittee have made various inquiries in order to ascertain 
how far this increase coiTesponded with the experience of other Societies estabUshed on 
similar principles ; and they have to report as the result of these inquiries, that in Heriot's 
Benefit Society, the School of Arts, the Goldsmiths' Equitable, the Journejonen Goldsmiths' 
and in the Cabinet and Chairmakers' Societies, a very great increase had also been expe- 
rienced, amounting, on an average of these Societies, to no less than 87 per cent, more 
than the Higliland Society's rate. Great, however, as tliis increase appears, it is easy to 
be accounted for when the state of Societies is considered during the period embraced by 
the Highland Society's inquiry. It is well known that up till the period of the pubUcation 
of the Higliland Society's Report, Societies generally partook very much of a charitable 
character, no member bemg entitled to benefits unless he was in indigent circumstances. 
Now, when it is considered that the Highland Society's rate of sickness was deduced from 
the amount of sickness experienced by the 79 Societies above mentioned, during a period 



ox SICKNESS. 103 

when they were formed upon this charitable principle, it is not to be "wondered at that now, 
when they are estabKshed upon strictly insurance pi'inciples, and when, in consequence, 
each member claims to the utmost extent of the benefits, the sickness should be found to 
be so much greater than was at first supposed. This, the Committee conceive, is quite 
sufficient to account for the great disparity between the rate of sickness given by the 
Highland Society, and that now found to occur among Societies." 

The preceding comparisons did not extend beyond 60 years of age ; but, as will 
appear from subsequent illustrations to be given in this Paper, the claims to be made by 
members after passing their sixtieth year become generally so alarming, as to be the usual 
means of awakening Societies to the danger of tlieir position. For example, although in 
the Compositors' Society all the members were under 60 years of age, still there was a 
large amount of what is called I^ermanent Sickness. At page 6 of the Report in ques- 
tion, it will be seen that of the members actually sick, 

91 '0 per cent, had 7| weeks' sickness each; 
o'o „ 69 ,, ,, 

And 5-5 „ 246 

It win thus appear, that the Amount of Sickness among 5 "5 per cent, of the Members 
was actually more than double that ex|3erienced by 91 per cent, of another class of the 
same Society. Wlien the subject of Permanent Sickness is brought forward, its relation 
to age, its effect on the funds of a Society, and the methods by which the future liabi- 
lities of a Society may thereby be determined, wiU be amply discussed. 

Having entered so fully into the characteristic features of the Highland Society's 
Table, in relation to the results of this inquiry, a simple inspection of the Table at 
page 98 will be sufficient to shew to what extent Mr. AnseU's Table is liable to the 
same objections. At the decennial periods of life from 30-70, it will be seen that 
there is an excess of Sickness in the Friendly Societies in England and Wales over Mr. 
Ansell's Table, varying from 4 to 24 per cent., or a mean difference over the whole of 
that period of forty years of 19-283 per cent. This excess of Sickness, as well as 
all the other results in page 98, are derived from making Table V the standard of 
comparison ; but if Mr. AnseU's Table were taken as the standard of comparison, the 
deficiency in amount of Sickness over that period of years would be 23 instead of 19 
per cent., and at ages 60-70 the deficiency would be 31 instead of 24 per cent., as 
given at page 98, or a deficiency of nearly one-third. But the madequacy of his 
Table as a general guide for Friendly Societies, wiU instantly appear by making it 
bear on the results of Table V for the City Districts, in which, as already stated, 



104 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY 

the amount of Sickness tVom 21-60 years of age is seventy-five weeks, being an excess 
over ^Ir. Ansell's Table, for that period of life, of no less than 41 per cent. The greatest 
care and discrimination should therefore be exercised, in established Friendly Societies, 
not to adopt general results for the guidance of particular classes. The laws of 
Sickness and Mortality ai"e under peculiar modifications in each class, and must be 
developed l)efore any safe practical conclusions can be arrived at, deserving of public 
confidence. 



The fallowing are the results of a combination of the elementary data of some interest, 
in a form not hitherto attempted, and from which some useful conclusions may be 
dra-\vn. In tlie preceding Tables the Rate of Mortality has invariably been regarded in 
relation to every member of the Society or Societies, at the given ages ; but in Column 1 of 
the foUomns: Table vnll be found the resvilts of a difl'erent combination. All the members 
at every year of life, or rather all the members of exactly the same age, being placed into 
one group, it was then observed how many of these had actually experienced Sickness 
during the course of that year of life. And these being abstracted from the total number 
of members of the same age, column 1 was deduced, expressing for quinquennial periods 
of life the per-centage of members that are actually sick in the course of one year ; lor 
example, out of every hundred members aged 31-35 in a Society, twenty-one will be on 
the Sick List during some part of the year ; but of the same number of members 
aged 61-G5, at least thirty-five niembers would be sick during some period or other 
of the year. 

An inspection of Column 1 will shew, that from the younger ages up to the period 
31-35, the ratio or chance for any given member to be sick diminishes; but that from 
that period of life upwards, the tendency for any given member to be sick increases in 
a uniform and regular series. No table of this kind has hitherto existed ; and it is 
believed, that in addition to the more general purposes of Vital Statistics, it mil be 
practically useful to Benefit Societies, in enabhng them to determine whether the numbers 
on their Sick List be greater or less than the average. Table V will aiFord a means to 
determine whether the total amount of sickness in a Society be greater than the average ; 
but the present Table simply points out the proportion of members to be expected on the 
Sick List, and is perhaps more important than the other, as a test to the means of selec- 
tion adopted for the admission of members. 

Column 2 is simply a modification of Colunm 1, and needs no explanation 
further than to state, that it will aftbrd a ready means of testing the relation of the sick 



ON SICKNESS. 



105 



to the non-sick members in any one year, when placed in separate groups, as is generally 
done in Benefit Societies. 









Ratio of Sick 


Mortality 


Sickness 












Per-Centa2;e of 


Members to every 


per Cent. 


per Annum 


Total Amount 








Age, 


Members Sick 


100 not Sick 


among those 


among those 


of Sickness 




Age. 






during each Year. 


in every Year. 


Actually Sick. 


Actually Sick. 


to each Death. 






11 


— 15 


21-9565 


28-1337 


•9901 


4-1231 


416-4290 


11 


— 15 


16 


— 20 


22-0743 


28-3273 


2-8571 


3-5887 


125-6032 


16 


— 20 


21 


— 25 


22-0386 


28-2686 


3-0539 


3-8518 


126-1271 


21 


— 25 


26 


— 30 


21-6997 


27-7134 


3-3271 


4-1921 


125-9977 


26 


— 30 


31 


— 35 


21-0147 


26-6058 


3-7592 


4-3585 


115-9411 


31 


— 35 


36 


— 40 


21-5471 


27-4650 


4-0686 


4-9463 


121-5732 


36 


— 40 


41 


— 45 


22-9858 


29-8463 


4-5306 


5-9418 


131-1468 


41 


— 45 


46 


— 50 


24-6042 


32-6333 


5-1657 


6-8556 


132-7123 


46 


— 50 


51 


— 55 


27-G422 


38-2022 


6-2401 


8-5104 


136-3839 


51 


— 55 


56 


— 60 


30-2424 


43-3535 


7-2732 


10-9261 


150-2235 


56 


— 60 


61 


— 65 


35-5676 


55-2015 


8-6163 


15-1975 


176-3808 


61 


— 65 


66 


— 70 


46-8493 


88-1443 


9-6004 


24-2217 


252-2988 


66 


— 70 


71 


— 75 


58-3750 


140-2400 


12-1306 


32-6275 


268-9679 


71 


— 75 


76 


— 80 


73-5916 


278-6667 


11-3636 


36-2367 


318-8876 


76 


— 80 


81 


— 85 


74-4624 


291-5790 


18-4116 


37-7633 


205-1064 


81 


— 85 


86 


— 90 


79-4872 


387-5000 


17-2043 


410829 


238-7943 


86 


— 90 


91 

96 


— 95 
—100 


50-0000 


100-0000 




39-2450 




91 
9fi 


— 95 
—100 













In Tables E, F, and C, &c., the rate of mortality was given for the general 
population of Friendly Societies ; but in the third column of the preceding Table will 
be found the mortality per cent, among those persons actually sick. The mortality among 
the population generally has been shewn to increase with age ; so also does the mortality 
among those persons actually sick increase with age. 

In the quinquennial period of life 21-25, the mortahty among those sick is 3-0539 per 
cent.; but in the advanced period of life 66-70, the mortality is increased to 9-6004 
per cent., or more than three times that of the other period. An inspection of this 
column win shew that there is a uniform and gradual rate of increase of mortality. 

Tables of this kind are calculated to throw important hght on the subject of Altai 
Statistics. A chronological series would point out any change or modification that 
may have taken place in the intensity and severity of disease. By the aid of the infor- 
mation given in colmnn 3, premiums may easily be determined for the assurance of 
lives while actually sick ; but as the results in that column do not distinguish Sickness 
under particular diseases, a knowledge of the disease under which the patient might be 
sufiering would be of no assistance to parties undertaking the risk: but if particidar 
diseases, "svith the Sickness and Mortahty mider each, were given in separate classes, 

E E 



106 INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY 

then the results would apply to given diseases, in the same manner in which the above 
results will apply to Sickness in general, irrespective of disease. An application of 
columns 1st and 3rd will afford the means of measuring the exact liabilities of a 
Friendly Society ; and if the same means were available to an Assurance Company of 
ascertaining the ratio of its members sick, the principles of determining the liabilities in 
those Companies would undergo an important change. 

Suppose that in any particular Society containing 3647 Members, equally distributed 
over the ten quinquennial terms of life from 20 to 70 years of age, one thousand of those 
should be found on the Sick List in the course of a year, and of one thousand persons 
found sick, fifty-sLs deaths would take place in that year ; but if in the actual result 
the balance of those numbers Avas in any way disturbed, that circumstance would tend 
to shew whether the selection of lives in the Society was of a favourable or unfavourable 
character. 

The results in column 3 were obtained by direct observation ; but it is evident that 
if m is made to represent the rate of mortality per cent, as given in Tables E and F, 
and a the results in column 1, then 

m X 100 10 
zz colunm 6. 



a 



It is obvious that in applpng the results in this Table to any practical purpose, 
independent calculations must be made for each term of years, otherwise errors of the 
same nature to those pointed out at page 41 would alFect the result. 

Column 4th of the same Table wiU be found to represent the amount of sickness 
per annum among those actually sick. From the age of 15 upwards, the amount of 
siclmess "will be found to increase in a regular and uninterrupted series. At the tei*m 
of life 21-25, there is 3*8518 weeks' sickness in a year to each person, but at the term 
66-70 there is 24'2217 weeks' to each person actually sick. 

Without any further inquiry on this point, the manner in which it wiU bear on 
what is called Permanent Sickness in Friendly Societies is obvious. It will thus be seen, 
that not only has advanced years a greater liability to sickness, but that, once on the 
Sick List, its duration receives a most remarkable increase. It will also be fui'ther seen, 
that at the two terms of life 21-25 and 66-70, the relative chances of being sick are in 
the ratio of 220 to 468, while the mortality at the same terms of life is in the ratio of 
31 to 96 among those actually sick; and that the amount of sickness to those persons at 
the respective ages, shews the remarkable disparity of 39 to 242. 

The cares, anxiety, and suffering mth which the decline of life is thus beset, 
appear to fonn a most striking contrast to the improvident carelessness with which 



ON SICKNESS. 107 

in youth any provision for those calamities is regarded. " If any man will not work, 
neither shall he eat ;" and as " the time cometh when no man can work," it is in the 
summer of life that abundant provision must be made for the vicissitudes of that ^vinter 
which incapacitates for labour; but how mortifying must be the disappointment which 
falls on the hopes of those patient contributors to Friendly Societies, who, after thirty or 
forty years' experience, find in the decline of life, when thrown by their infirmities on 
those Societies for support, no brighter prospect than the severe and harassing privations 
of pauperism, or the consolations of the workliouse. 

The results in column 4 may be obtained in the same manner as that just described 
for coliiimi 3, viz. : — Let 5 represent the Average Sickness per Annum, as given in Tables 
E and V, and a the results in column 1 ; then 

s X 100 , . 
zz coimiui 4. 



It must be kept in view, that the results in this column, as well as those given in 
the whole of the same Table, will be much influenced by local circumstances and pecu- 
liarity of employment, and that it is not to be thought that they can be applied with 
safety to all Societies promiscuously. Considerable experience and discrimination will 
always be required, to determine on the due apphcation of many of the most important 
practical results here produced. 

Perhaps the most curious and interestmg part of the preceding Table is column 5, as 
it presents some remarkable and novel features connected with Vital Statistics. A careful 
survey of the figures presented will shew, that although, as age advances, the human 
constitution has a greater tendency to decay, and greater liability to Sickness, stiU it 
presents the apparent anomaly of having in advanced life a greater power of endiu'- 
ing Siclaiess than in younger life ; and yet, although there is less power to resist the 
approach of disease, there is a higher capability of sustaining its insidious and destroying 
agency. 

At the period of life 31-35, it will be seen that for every 116 weeks of sickness there 
is one death ; but at the term of life 66-70, there is only one death for 252 weeks of 
sickness ; or in other words, a gi^eater amount of Sickness is required to destroy life at 
advanced ages than at younger ages. 

This pecuhar feature, which seems to have been unexpected by those giving 
attention to such subjects, may be explained in several ways. ]\Iany of the diseases 
prevalent in younger life disappear in after years; and, in passing fi'om the diseases 
pecuhar to youth, other diseases ensue, which, although not so acute in their nature, are 
yet fatal in their results ; and thus the change from the acute to the more chronic form of 



108 INFLUEKCE OF LOCALITY 

disease wll impart increased duration, but not severity, to the sick-list of a Society. Again, 
many fatal diseases of youth, such as Consumption and other Diseases of the Chest, do not 
to any great extent incapacitate from labour ; and in those diseases the mortahty may be 
high, while the amount of sickness is small. 

Nothing hke a proper enumeration of aU the practical appUcations of the preceding 
Table is here contemplated ; but it may not he out of place to refer to a few of the more 
obvious uses to which it may be applied. Li Friendly Societies, a correct record of the 
amount of siclaiess among the members will afford a means of predicting the number of 
deaths to be looked forward to, as well as the class of members among which such deaths 
are most to be expected. Investigations into the affairs of a Society Avill also be much 
aided by a skilful survey of the relative amount of sickness to the deaths among the mem- 
bers. Provided that, over a sufficiently long period, an unusually large amount of sickness 
was found to prevail in relation to the number of deaths, it might be safely inferred that 
some peculiar element affected the results; but if both sickness and mortality should show 
a marked augmentation beyond the calculated numbers, then such a feature might be 
regarded as evidence of an inferior condition of health among the members of that 
Society. For the more important purposes of Medical Science, the residts in column ,5 
are easily available. Perhaps no simpler numerical test could be offered of the efficiency 
of particular modes of treatment; but to apply the results here given with much 
success, the figures shoidd have been classified according to the Sickness and Mortahty 
of particular diseases. A portion of the elementary data wiU admit of such a classifi- 
cation ; and it is intended to publish the results on some future occasion. 

Suppose a ]\ledical I'ractitiouer to have within the circle of his patients one thousand 
persons, whose ages vaiy from 21 to 70 years, and equally spread over that term of life; 
according to the results here given, he ought to expect 274 of them to be on liis Sick 
List during the course of a year — that they would experience 2430 weeks' sickness hi 
the aggregate — and that there would be about sixteen deaths out of that number in the 
same time ; and presummg that he were to visit each patient everj" alternate day, it would 
produce 8505 visits in the course of a year, or about 23 visits daily. Societies and many 
other public bodies adopt a practice of paying an annual sum for medical attendance and 
advice ; and it mU thus be seen that means are available by which to calculate the pro- 
bable amount of labour and tune that may be required for the discharge of such 
engagements. 

It may at this place be again stated, that in applying the preceding results to indi- 
vidual classes, or in a few instances only, it should not be expected that they -will in 
every case be confirmed. Nothing short of a refined classification is calculated to meet 
the peculiar aspect of aU the cases presenting themselves. A re\-iew of Table Y -will 



ON SICKNESS. 109 

shew the wide distinction which prevails between the ratio of Sickness in the Eural, 
Town, and City Districts ; and in particular trades or occvipations the sickness sometimes 
is double in amount that in other employments. In Sickness therefore, as well as in 
Mortality, it is obvious that general results can be but of little practical value. Suppose 
it were attempted to conduct Societies in Liverpool, or any other large City in England, 
on the same terms that would be adequate for Societies in the Rural Districts of Kent 
and Essex — it is manifest that they could not be of long duration. 

Here it may be also well to state, that if in any pubUc inquiry it should be attempted 
to ascribe the increased amount of sickness in the To-svn Districts to the less healthy 
nature of the districts, or their pecuhar local influence on health, the conclusion would 
cei'tainly be fallacious. Precisely similar arguments to those made use of in refex'ence 
to the ]\Iortality of those Districts, will explain the differences in the ratio of Sickness in 
the same places ; and it is therefore to be inferred, that whatever sanitary regulations may 
be carried out for promoting the health of Towns, the -wide distmction between the rates 
of Sickness and Mortality in particular districts wiU still not disappear. The cause of that 
difference is beyond the reach of any sanitary measure ; and unless a change were to take 
place in the character and macliinery of the manufactures of a town, by which the 
workmen would be habituated to less restrained but more natural and complete physical 
exercises, no improvement in the state of health is to be looked for. 

The evils, so far as relates to health, represented to exist by some writers to so frightful 
an extent, and to connect themselves with inferior sewerage, filthy streets, and ill-planned 
houses, are certainly overstated by them. The data brought forward have generally been 
of the most indefinite and insufficient nature; and when, in connection with this, the erro- 
neous methods employed, and the promiscuous manner in which their figui-es are generally 
combined, are kept in view, it must seem surprising that the thinking and intelligent 
portion of the community should have given their opinions any credence, or believed their 
conclusions entitled to so much weight. 

Perhaps no statistical fiicts are better estabhshed than the duration of life among 
the middle and upper classes of this country ; and if the data brought forward in this 
Paper be received as of sufficient merit to represent the duration of life among the 
working classes, it will then appear clear that any important change to be hoped for in the 
value of life in the Town Districts, must be effected through other means than sanitarj'- 
regulations. 

Those persons purchasing Government Annuities, and having dealings with As- 
surance Companies, are certainly beyond the reach of any improvements to be in- 
troduced by local regulations ; and if cleanhness of habit, comfort of dwellings, and 
fresh air, be of themselves powerful elements in raising the standard of life, their 
influence should be felt among that class of persons. But what are the actual results ? 

F F 



no INFLUENCE OF LOCALITY ON SICKNESS. 

The poor worlancn inhabiting the miserable streets of our large towns, aiid inhaling 
their supposed noxious vapours, arc actually longer lived than the affluent and upper 
classes, whose easy circumstances enable them to inhabit comparatively the palaces of the 
kingdom. 

It is evident, from the great disparity in the value of life among different classes of 
workmen, whose conditions as to whatever is within the scope of pubhc sanitary measures 
are the same, that other elements must exist having a powerful influence on the Duration of 
Life. It would further appear, by viewing the various classes of society more in con- 
nexion with the physical exercises to which they are habituated, than in connection Avith 
their moral position and rank in society, and consequently with their sanitary condition, 
that a better clue wiU be found to the differences in the Duration of Life. It is not to be 
expected that any arrangements whatever as to the drainage and planning of streets are 
likely to add to the longevity of a Tailor ; but if it were possible to give his frame the 
physical exercises of a Ploughman, 20 per cent would be added to the duration of his life. 
Neither is it to be thought that the Plumber Painter and Glazier is to be reheved from the 
poison of the metallic emanations to which he is subject ; nor that the Clerk can inhale the 
fresh air, and indulge in those exercises necessary to develope liis physical constitution, 
wliile he follows the drudgeries of the counting-house. It is an aggregation of these, and 
other emplo}Tnents similarly conditioned, which make up the excessive mortality of our 
large towns ; and since it has been shewn in the preceding pages, that this class of 
lives is also less healthy even in the Country Districts, and that the ToAvn Popula- 
tions are chiefly made up of persons following such occupations, the legitimate result to be 
expected is a shorter Duration of Life in Towns, independent of any local influence on 
health. If improvements and changes are to be efifected in tlie sanitary regTilations of 
our large Towns and Cities, let them at once be carried out — ^not upon the necessity of such 
municipal innovations to avert a pestilential havoc in human life — but on the time merits 
of the question — the comforts, conveniences, and elevation of taste and moral purity, 
thence arising. 



RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 



The influence of the preceding results on the Rates and Contributions of Friendly Societies, 
is perhaps that which generally most concerns the members of those institutions, and it is 
proposed to add a few remai-ks bearing on this subject. 

The first point to which attention will be directed is the Table at page 112, ,being the 
Values of Annuities, according to the Kates of Mortality, as developed in this inquiry, for 
Friendly Societies in the Rural, Town, and City Districts of England and Wales — for the 
average of these Districts combined — and also for Friendly Societies in Scotland. 

The rate of Interest assmned in the following calculations is 3 per cent, per annum. 
In almost every other calculation extant for the pui-poses of Friendly Societies, a higher 
rate of interest has been adopted ; but a careful investigation of the returns on this point, 
as given m the Schedules referred to at page 14 of this Paper, has shewn that in practice 
a liigher rate of Interest is not reahsed by Societies. 

The Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt have hitherto allowed 
Friendly Societies £3 IGs. Ohd. per cent. ; but even in the cases where this mode of 
investment has been taken advantage of, the difficulty of collecting all the funds at the 
moment they faU. due, and of immediately employing them in the Government Stock, 
together with the comparatively large balance to the whole amount of the Societies' funds 
usually kept in hand to meet approachmg Habihties, render it difficult to make much 
beyond 3 per cent. It is intended on another occasion to publish an account of the 
Money Transactions of those Societies ; this and some other points of interest wiU then be 
more fiiUy entered on. 

The distinguishing features of the Rates of ]\Iortahty in the respective Districts, 
wUl of coUrse develope themselves also in the same order or relation in the value of 

[Annuities 



112 



RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 



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124 



RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 



Annuities, although not in so marked a degi'ee, nor to the same extent as in the 
simple Moi'tality Tables. If money made no interest, it is plain that the value of 
Anuities, and the numerical expression in the Expectation Tables or Mortality Tables 
of Collective Intensity, would be identical, and under that aspect Annuities woidd 
have a maximum value. Again, if money could realize an infinite amount of interest, 
iVnnuities wou.ld then be at a minimum value, and have the same expression for eveiy 
Table of Mortality and every age in those Tables. To illustrate this, suppose money 
could realize 100 per cent., or always double or replace xtseK in the course of a year; and 
starting with imity, before the expiration of the first term of the annuity a new fund 
would have formed itself capable of meetmg the annuity, and leaving exactly the original 
unit with which the start was made, ready to enter on a second term of the annuity in 
the same manner, and so on ad infinitum. Under such an aspect, no matter what Table 
of Mortahty was employed, the values of annuities would differ but little, as unity would 
invariably be capable, from the interest realized only, of meetmg every payment for 
an absolute term of years. It is therefore evident that the values of annuities involving 
the discount of money will always shew less distinction between different Tables of Mor- 
tality than the Tables themselves wall shew; and that the liigher the rate of interest, the less 
distinction is observable between the annuities of different Tables, as weU as less difference 
between the values of annuities at various ages for the same Mortality Table. 

On reference to page 33, it will be seen that the difference of Expectation between 
the Rural and City Districts at age 30 is 14-442 per cent. ; but a comparison of the values 
of Annuities at that age for the same Districts, as given at page 112, will shew a difference 
of only 9-729 per cent. The following Abstract wiU give a concise view of the relative 
values of the two expressions : — 



Age. 


Expectation of Life in 


Excess 

per Cent. 

in Favour of 

Rural Districts. 


Value of Annuities, 
Three per Cent. 


Excess 

per Cent. 

in Favour of 

Rural Districts. 


Rural Districts. 


City Districts. 


Riual Districts. 


City Districts. 


20 
40 
60 


45-3550 
30-9724 
16-6524 


40-0148 
26-0873 
13-7685 


11-774 
15-772 
17-318 


22-78605 
18-60452 
11-85797 


21-29054 
16-45861 
10-18722 


6-5G3 
11-534 
14-090 



A"-ain, for reasons precisely similar, less distinction will be found to exist between 
the values of Annmties for various ages in the same Table, than between the Expectations 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 



125 



jof Life for those ages ; for example, the difference of Expectation between ages 30 and 60 
in the Rural Districts is 21-7549 years, or nearly 57 per cent.; but the difference between 
the values of Annuities for those ages in the Rural Disti'icts is 9 2097, or about 44 per 
cent. Like results wUl also be found for other ages, no matter what Table of Mortality 
be employed : taking the general results for the Three Districts for ages 50 and 70, the 
difference of Expectation will be found to be 11-9863 years, or about 54 percent.; but 
the difference in the values of the Annuities for those ages is 7'1460, or 46 per cent. The 
difference in this instance is however less than in the former, on account of more proxi- 
mate and more advanced ages being taken; but with ages less proximate and less 
advanced, the difference AviU exceed that in either of the preceding cases. Let ages 10 
and 50 in the Rural Districts be compared, and the difference of Expectation will be 
found to be 56 per cent., but the difference in the value of Annuities is only 37 per 
cent. 

From these remarks respecting the relative values of Annuities, and the Expec- 
tation of Life in various Mortality Tables, it is not to be considered that practically 
it is a matter of indifference which Table may be used as a basis for calculations for 
the guidance of a Society. The object of these remarks is intended to lead to c[uite the 
opposite conclusion, and to prevent those who are not thoroughly versant with such sub- 
jects from hastily adopting any given Table, simply because the money test, by which 
it is generally brought into comparison with other Tables, shews but little difference. 
The success of every Friendly Society, and other Institution dealing in Life Contingencies, 
depends in a great measure on the proper investment of its funds ; and although Annuities 
by two different Mortahty Tables may apparently approximate to nearly equivalent 
values, still, before aU the conditions of each Table are practically determined, the accumu- 
lation of interest as presumed on in the construction of the Tables, will ultimately realize 
the maximum difference which is found to prevail between the Expectation of Life for 
the respective Tables. 

The following are the values of Annuities at 3 per cent, as given at page 
112, and also according to the Carlisle Table, Mr. Ansell's Table, and the Northampton 
Table. 



Age. 


ENGLAND AND WALES. 


SCOTLAND. 


Carlisle. 


Ansel!. 


Northampton. 


Age. 


Rural 
Districts. 


Town 

Districts. 


City 

Districts. 


Kural, Town, 
& City Districts. 


Rural, Town, 
Sf City Districts. 


20 
40 
60 


22-78605 
18-60452 
11-85797 


22-18086 
17-01150 
10-12780 


21-29054 
16-45861 
10-18722 


22-.39981 
17-90117 
11-27757 


22 '04 167 
17-56000 
11-18877 


21-694 
17-143 
10-491 


20-4602 
15-6673 

9-8583 


18 G385 

14-8476 

9-7774 


20 
40 
60 



K K 



126 KATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

To those desirous to inquire minutely into the relative values of Annuities for the 
different Tables given in this Paper, and the Tables of Mortality hitherto in use, a careful 
consideration of their respective Itearings will be important; for as Annuity Tables 
are the foundation on which all the subsequent Monetary Tables are built, their pecu- 
liarities must affect the whole structure. This will be markedly seen on inspection of the 
Table for Deferred Annuities at page 113. According to that Table, at age 30 the value 
of a Deferred Annuity of £1 per annum, to commence forty years hence or on attaining 
age 70, is, for the Rural, To^\^l, and City Districts, 1-13398, and the value of the same 
sum according to Mr. Ansell's Table is only •6764. This is a most remarkable distinction, 
and of vital importance to Friendly Societies ; for although the present results for age 30 
shew only an excess of value in simple or Immediate Annuities of less than 13 per cent, 
above those given by j\Ir. AnseU, yet in the Deferred Annuity at the same age there is an 
excess of 69 per cent. It is under such circumstances as these, where the improvement of 
money at interest magnifies results, that serious blunders in the adoption of an erro- 
neous IMortality Table will be apt to prove hurtful to the interests of a Society. 

Few Friendly Societies granting Deferred Annuities have yet survived long enough to 
suffer from the effects of so serious an error ; but the above illustration points out the 
inevitable ruin wliich nmst overtake those Societies at present granting Deferred 
Annuities, as veiy few of them exact even so favourable tenns as are required by Mr. 
Ansell's Tables. A further illustration may be obtained of this question, and of how 
the peculiar result is produced, by reference to Table F, page 28. It will be seen, that of 
89360 persons living aged 30, 42367 attained their 70th year of age; that is to say, 
out of 100 entering a Friendly Society at 30 years of age, and purchasing Deferred 
Aimuities, 47 would be alive at 70 years of age, to be placed on the Annuity List ; but 
^Ir. Ansell's Table would provide for 33 only of such persons becoming Annuitants. Or 
more correctly, out of every 1000 ]\Iembers entering those Societies at age 30, there 
would be 147 Annuitants unprovided for ; that is to say, 45 per cent, more Annuitants 
would have to make claims, than would be calculated on by Mr. AnseU's data, and who 
would therefore be left destitute of any provision for old age. 

The melancholy spectacle wlaich such a state of things would produce can be readily 
imagined. Supposing that at the present time there are. only one million members 
of Friendly Societies, (which is much under the correct estimate,) whose average 
age is about 30, and presuming that the terms for Deferred Annuities are graduated 
according to the preceding hypothesis, 470,000 of those persons would attain the age 
of 70, and nearly one-thii'd would be without any provision for old age. This is only 
one of the many evils connected with the present condition of Friendly Societies; and 
although its visitation l)e moi'e remote, the awful consequences of such a calamity, like 
every other evil of procrastination, will be irreparable. 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 127 

At page 114 will be found the value of Temporary Annuities to continue till age 70; 
and from what has been said respecting Immediate Annuities Absolute for Life, and 
Deferred Annuities, it must be evident that Temporaiy Annuities will also partake of the 
same relative character to the other Annuity Tables referred to. 

Since it has been shewn that, according to the results of this inquiry, Annuities are 
of greater value than given in many other Tables, it must follow that the value of 
Assurances, or sums payable at death, are of less value. An inspection of the Table at 
page 115 will shew that at age 30 the value of £100 payable at death is £35 14s. 6d- 
in the Rural Districts, £39 5s. lid. in the Town Districts, £41 13s. 9d. in the City 
Districts, £37 8s. 4d. in the Three Districts combined, and £38 13s. 6d. according 
to the value of life in Scotland ; while, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortahty, the 
value of the same sum would be £40 2s. 7d., by Mi-. AnseU's Table £44 2s. 7d., and 
by the old Northampton Table as much as £47 16s. 

Again: the annual premium at age 30 for an Assurance of £100 at death Avill, 
according to the Table at page 116, be £1 12s. 5d. for the Rural Districts, £1 17s. 9d. 
for the Town Districts, £2 Is. 8d. for the City Districts, £1 14s. Id. for the Three 
Districts combined, and £1 16s. 9d. for Scotland; but the amiual premium according 
to the Carhsle Table is £1 19s. Od., by Mr. Ansell's Table £2 7s. Id., and by the Nor- 
thampton Table £2 13s. 4d. Nothing beyond the most general view of the various 
Tables is proposed to be here taken, as the remarks formerly made respecting the Tallies 
of Mortality themselves will point out the various modifications which the residts must 
undergo in their application to monetary purposes. 

At page 1 1 7 wiU he found the Temporary Annual Premiums payable until age 70, 
to assure a sum payable at death, whenever that may happen, for each of the Districts. 
And at pages 118 and 119 wiU be found the probabilities of livuig for one year and of 
dying in one year for each District. As these form elements in the calculations of the 
rates or premiums for Allowances during Sickness, they are simply inserted as a check upon 
the calculations. 

The next Table to be brought under notice is that at page 120, and represents 
the single premium necessaiy to provide an allowance of £1 per week during Sickaess 
or Incapacity for Labour up till the age of 70. All the Tables here given are meant 
to be illustrative of the true bearings and risks of Friendly Societies ; and the age of 
70 has been fixed on in the present instance, and in the other Tables of Temporary 
Premiums, because it is an age usually adopted in calculations for Friendly 
Societies, and will therefore admit of easy comparison with other results on the same 
subject. 

As no attempt has been made in this Paper to enter into the general principles of 
Vital Statistics, or to discuss the methods and formulae most apphcable to questions of Life 



.128 EATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

Contingency, those desiring infomaation on such points had better consult the standard 
works on the subject ; but the calcuhitions in reference to the benefits offered by 
Friendly Societies being limited to the term of 70 years of age, and as it wiU be 
necessary in practice to have tables for other terms of life, it may be convenient 
for reference to give the formula; by which the results at page 120 were obtained. 

Let a ■=. the Average Amount of Siclcness to each individual for the year unmediately 
foUomng any given age, as given in Table V ; 

h ■=. the present value of £ 1 due six months hence ; and 

Let a X b ^ .'c ; also let 

p = the probability of a life of the given age living one year ; and 
c = the present value of £1 due one year hence ; and 

Let p X c. ■=. y, then if 

z is made to represent the present value of £1 per week during Sickness, 
from any given age up to an older age — say 70, the successive values for 
the z representing each age are found under the following expression : — 

And if 6 is made to represent the terms at the respective ages in page 114, 

\ z„ — X (1 -\- e) will give the Annual Premium for an allowance of £1 per week 
durmg Sickness or Incapacity for Labour, as set forth in the Table at page 
1 2 L In that Table both the annual premium and the benefit are understood 
to cease on attaining 70 years of age, or sooner in the event of death. 

The Tables referred to are calculated on the supposition that the various pa5Tiients 
are to be made annually ; but it is well kno-wn that Friendly Societies rarely make any 
pajTuents at so remote periods. For strict practical purposes, Tables involving the consi- 
deration of Annuities payable in monthly or weekly instahnents would be better fitted ; but 
as the object of this Paper is to furnish data illustrative of the condition of tliose Societies 
and of the nature and extent of the risks undertaken by them, rather than to give practical 
detaUs for their guidance, further Tables have not been inserted. 

It is obvious from the remarks already made in regard to Table V, that the Premium 
for an Allowance in Sickness, according to the results of this inquiry, must be higher than 
those of former Tables. As Mr. Ansell's information on this subject is the most deserving of 
attention, any comparison wiU be limited to the values given at pages 1 33 and 1 34 in his 
interesting Treatise. At age 30 the value of £1 per week during Sickness, uptiU attaining 
age 70, is £30-0058; but according to the results at page 120, it is £39-7176 for the 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 129 

Rural Districts; £46-3904 for the Town Districts; £40-8181 for the City Districts; 
£41-6730 for the Rviral, To\vn, and City Districts combined; and £37-0322 for Scotland. 
These, although sliewing a very great difference from the values given by Mr. AnseU, are 
stiU not greater than miglit be expected after a careful consideration of Table V, and the 
remarks made in the preceding pages on that Table. It has been stated that the values 
of Annuities calculated from different Mortality Tables wLU always shew less difference 
than the Mortality Tables themselves ; but the same feature does not present itself in 
connection with Sickness Tables. Two different Tables on the plan of Table V might 
indicate precisely the same ratio of Sickness at each age, and yet the value of a Sick 
Allowance calculated for the one Table might differ widely from that for the other. 

In the Annuity Tables two elements only affected the results — the Rate of Mortality, 
and the Rate of Interest; but three elements affect the Sickness Tables — the Rate of 
Mortality, the Rate of Interest, and the Rate of Sickness. It has been shewn that the 
Rate of Mortality does not necessarily increase with an increase in the Rate of Sick- 
ness ; and therefore two classes of the population may be influenced by the same or nearh' 
the same degree of Sickness, and yet be subject to very different Rates of Mortality. 
Keeping this in view — suppose there are two Sickness Tables, A and B, having the same 
or nearly the same Rate of Sickness at each age ; but that the population of Table A is 
subject to a high Rate of Mortality compared to Table B ; — it is evident, that although 
each individual of the same age in both Tables would in the course of the same year of 
life experience the same degree of sickness, yet each person vmder Table B would be sub- 
ject to a greater amount of sickness over the whole duration of his life, and for the simj^le 
reason, that his expectation of life is greater. Take any number of persons — say 100, 
on the former Table at 30 years of age, and suppose their Expectation, or, for greater 
exactitude, their Equation of Life, to be 30 years ; one-half only of those lives would live 
to attain 60 years of age : but if on the other Table the Equation of Life were 40 years 
one-half of the same number would not be dead till 70 years of age, a considerable por- 
tion of which would be subject to an increased ratio of Sickness in the decennial period 
following age 60. It happens that there is an actual case in pomt to illustrate this 
hypothesis. The Rural Districts of England and Wales, and the Average Results for all 
Scotland, shew almost exactly the same Amount of Sickness in the aggregate over the 
whole period of forty years from age 30 to 70, differing by less than two-tenths of a 
week's Sickness ; the amount in the 

Rural Districts of England and Wales being . . . 121-1448 weeks 

And in the whole of Scotland 121*3164 do. 

But the Equation of Life for the former at age 30 will be found at page 89 to be 40-813 

LL 



130 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

years, while for the hitter it is only 37-478 years, being a diiference of 3*335 years. 
And therefore, although there is no greater Amount of Sickness in the Rural Districts 
of England and Wales than in Scotland generally, stiU the value of a Sick Allowance 
in the former is greater than in the latter. At page 120 it will be found to be at 
age 30, for the 

Rural Districts of England and "Wales, being . . £39-7176 ; but for 
The whole of Scotland only £37-0322 

It is therefore evident that the Rate of Sickness is not of itself a sufficient index to 
the rates of premium that may be deduced therefrom. At page 98 it was shewn that 
the excess of Sickness in the present results above those by Mr. AnseU was 21 per cent., 
but the values for Sick Allowance, quoted in the preceding page, shew a difference of 
above 31 per cent. The feature, therefore, which was characteristic of Annuity Tables — 
of approximating nearer to equivalent values than the Mortality Tables from which they 
were deduced — does obviously not distinguish Sick Allowance Tables. 

There is another feature connected with Tables of the Rates of Sickness, which will 
aftect their money-values, independently of the influence of the Rates of Mortality, and 
that is the graduation or distribution of Sickness over the various periods of life. It 
might happen that two Sickness Tables gave the same Amount of Sickness within a 
given period of years, but that in the one Table it was more uniformly spread over 
the A arious terms of life ; not shemng, as in the other Table, a very low Rate of Sickness 
at the younger ages, and a very high rate at advanced ages. This circumstance, although 
the Rate of Mortality in both Tables were the same, would occasion a difference in the 
value of Sick Allowances — and for two reasons ; first, because the bulk of the Sickness 
in the one Table was deferred till the advanced ages, those persons dying before 
reaching those ages would experience a minimum amount ; and second, on account of 
the Money Liabilities also being deferred, the investment of the early premiums 
would accumulate at interest. An inspection of the second Abstract, given on 
page 96, and the Table at page 98, will shew that such a relation exists between Mr. 
AnseU's Table and the general results of this inquiry ; the Sickness in his Table being 
more uniform, and she-\ving less disparity for the various ages, while the liighland Society 
Table runs almost parallel over the whole term of life, from 20 to 70 years of age, 
with the results for the three Districts. 

The following Abstract -will shew the comparative values of an Allowance of £1 per 
week in Sickness, up till age 70 : — 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 



131 



Age. 


Mr. Ansell's 
Table. 


ENGLAND AND WALES. 


SCOTLAND. 


Age. 


Rural 
Districts. 


Town 

Districts. 


City 
Districts. 


Three Districts 
Combined. 


Three District? 
Combined. 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 


27-0881 
30-0958 
34-3204 
38-7078 
39-2316 


34-68519 
39-71760 
46-56296 
53-45831 
55-15634 


39-80233 
46-39042 
55-56052 
62-31153 
61-85428 


35-41518 
40-81807 
46-00568 
50-16440 
42-69764 


36-20420 
41-67304 
48-83092 
55-28222 
55-23260 


32-7979 
37-0322 
44-1712 
51-8728 
51-5541 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 



The important effect of the above differences on the stability and permanence of a Society- 
is obvious. The distinction whicli has been observed in respect of single payments or 
premiums, wiU also be found to prevail in the annual premiums, as given at page 121: 
and the following abstract will give a general idea of the merits of the various tables. The 
annual premium, as well as the sick allowance, -wiU also terminate in this case on attaining 
70 years of age. 







ENGLAND AND WALES. 


SCOTLAND. 


















A^e. 




Table. 


Rural 


Town 


City 


Three Districts 


Three Districts 








Districts. 


Districts. 


Districts. 


Combined. 


Combined. 




20 


1-3206 


1-51649 


1-76190 


1-62891 


1-60100 


1-4716 


20 


30 


1-6718 


1-91441 


2-31954 


2-12238 


2-04753 


1-8552 


30 


40 


2-2731 


2-63176 


3-31129 


2-82968 


2-83154 


2-6067 


40 


50 


3-3318 


3-93305 


4-87185 


3-94155 


4-16193 


3-9639 


50 


60 


5-4990 


6-56278 


7-76910 


5-36326 


6-70497 


6-3417 


60 



The preceding observations -will be sufficient to point out the leading features of 
the Sickness Tables, and to suggest the proper modes of application to the practical uses 
of Friendly Societies. It is not expected that the present Paper Avill obtain any thing 
like a general circulation among the members of those Societies, or a different style and 
mode of treating the subject would have been adopted. AH that has been contemplated is such 
an exliibition of the flicts and data as wiU afford a means to determine the various contingent 
risks on which the habilities of Friendly Societies depend, and in such a manner as to be 
intelligible to those taking an interest in Vital Statistics; but as in addition to the 
prizes given, as mentioned at page 13, a further inducement was held out to parties 
furnishing data, by a promise to publish the results, and present copies to every con- 
tributor of data, — and as the Paper -svill have a circulation to that extent at least. — it is 
proposed to add a few remarks bearing on the present condition of Friendly Societies. 



132 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

One of the difficulties in the way of obtaining information was the fear, on the part 
of the members, that its publication might prove hurtful to particular Societies ; and it 
was therefore necessary to come under a promise, that whatever use was made of the 
information, no individual Society would be referred to. But that a general idea may be 
formed of the condition of Friendly Societies, in respect to the adequacy of their con- 
tributions for the benefits held out by them, fifty Societies have been selected at random ; 
and in order to make the illustration more simple, one period of life only, age 35, has 
been fixed on, and the rates in each of tlie fifty Societies in question examined and 
graduated to represent an alloAvance of £1 per week during sickness, up till age 70 — an 
annuity of £13 per annum for life after 70 — and a sum of £10 payable at death, when- 
ever tliat may happen. The corresponding rates having been determined in each Society 
for the above scale, tliey were found to average only £1 lis. 5d. ; but in many of the 
Societies an Entry Money is paid, and for the same age it was found to average £1 Is. dd. 
As the value of the Temporary Annuity at the same time of life is 17'88172, the above 
entry money will })e equivalent to an annual contribution of about Is. 3(7., which, added 
to the other item, will render the whole annual contribution £1 12s. 8J. The entire 
inadequacy of such a contribution to provide for the benefits offered must be apparent 
page 121 will show, that for the single benefit of £1 weekly, during sickness, the annual 
contribution should be £2 7s. 9hd. ; and on examination of the respective Tables it 
win be seen that the contribution adequate to provide for the three benefits oftered is 
£3 7s. annually, or more than double the actual amount collected. It is a most 
lamentable condition in which to find Societies aiming at designs so benevolent and 
praiseworthy. It may seem strange that they should endure for even a year or two; 
but if the amount of sickness at page 98 be examined, and the young period of life at 
which members generally enter borne in mind, it will appear that they may survive 
at least 25 or 30 years before their insecurity may become evident to an ordinaiy 
observer. Members are generaHy satisfied, in the first periods of a Society, to find that 
the income has exceeded the expenditure, and left a respectable balance ; losing sight of the 
great accumulations which are necessary to meet the future liabilities incidental to their 
increasing years and infirmities. As a Society advances, its income wUl invariably, 
in connection with a given number of members entering at a particular age, 
decrease with the increase of its expenditure. Suppose a Society to commence 
with a given number of members, all 35 years of age ; — in 25 years afterwards, 
the income from those members, through the deaths that take place in that period, 
wiU have decreased to seven-tenths of its original amount ; while its expenditure on 
sickness wUl have trebled, and the members fast approaching a time of life at which 
the expenditure will be ten times the original sum. This is a state of things for 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 138 

which the contributions of a Society should make ample provision ; but, unfortunately, 
few have so considered the subject as to protect themselves against such vicissi- 
tudes. 

But perhaps the most simple and correct mode of looking at the liabilities of those 
Societies is to consider the most improved class of them, in which sepai^ate contributions 
are made for each benefit offered; and in this instance also the contributions answering 
to age 35 only vnll be spoken of. 

No doubt, Societies may seriously err by having badly graduated Tables; and it 
might happen that the contributions at one period of life are abundant, while at other 
periods they may be quite inadequate ; but as a very general view only is to be taken 
here of the subject, reference is made to the Tables themselves for information on the 
graduation of rates. 

A distinction in the contributions for the various benefits offfered, is a valuable 
improvement in the management of such Societies ; and accordingly collateral improve- 
ments do also progress with it ; for in this class of Societies it is found that the annual 
contribution for a sickness benefit only is nearly equal to that of the other group of 
Societies referred to for the whole three benefits. To secure £1 per week during sick- 
ness, the contribution is £1 10s. 10c?. yearly, which is only l.s. lOd. less than the yearly 
contribution in the other Societies for all the benefits combined ; but it has already 
been shown, that the real risk incurred from sickness would, from members entering at 
age 35, require a payment of £2 7s. dUl. annually. 

No doubt, many Societies are on a much better foundation than the above statement 
would seem to indicate ; but it has been thought the better course to refer to the Societies 
as a class. A subdivision, however, of the same group was found in a better condition, 
and the annual payment was about £2 for £1 per week in sicloiess. No Society had 
its sickness contributions equal to the rates in the preceding table ; but the payments in 
one Society were much more than in the others, having been £2 6s. lid. annually. The 
necessity for a general revision of the Sickness Rates and Contributions in Friendly 
Societies is therefore obvious. 

With respect, however, to those Societies distinguishing the rates of contributions for 
sums of money payable at death, or what is generally termed Assurances at Death, a better 
state of things is found to exist. The contribution on the average of those Societies is 4s. 7d. 
annually for £10 payable at death, while the exact risk, according to page 117, requires a 
payment of 4s. 4d. This latter sum does not include any thing for expenses of management. 
If it were the practice for those Societies to keep distinct funds for each of the benefits offered, 
and never to allow the contributions for assurances at death to be mixed up with the monies 
arising from other sources, little danger need be feared by those making a provision for death ; 
but unfortunately such a separation of the funds is rarely observed, and the general 



134 RATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

result is, that the Assurance Fund is absorbed by the deficiencies in the other business 
of the Society. It may be here necessary to remark, that although the preceding sum is 
<[uite adequate to meet the contingencies from death on the average of aU Societies, yet 
there are Societies in particular localities, the members of which foUow unhealthy occu- 
])ations, and such a sum would not in those instances be sufficient to meet all the liabilities 
from death. 

The most remarkable deficiency yet observed, among even those Societies having 
graduated rates as well as distinct contributions for the various benefits offered, is in the 
contributions which provide for an annuity after attaining a given age. At page 113 will 
be found the values of Deferred Annuities, to commence at age 70; and the Annual 
Premium for the same Annuity may easily be obtained from the expression — 

\ 8 _x (1 -f- 5) 

in which 8 represents the terms found at the respective ages in page 113. Accord- 
ingly, at age 35, the Annual Contribution or Premium for an Annuity of £13 a 
year after attaining the age of 70 is 18.s-. lOd. ; but the rate in some Societies is as low 
as 8s. lid., and an average of a number of the best Societies is 12.s. 2|(Z., while the 
most favourable rate in any individual Society in the same group was 14*. 4JJ. The 
nature of this risk has already been referred to at page 126; and the remax'ks there 
made should be carefully considered by every one interested in the progress of Friendly 
Societies, as no error carries with it such distressing and melancholy consequences, as that 
wliich ajT'iravates the cares, anxieties, and infirmities of old ajje, and in the decline of life 
throws destitute those whose youthful industry enabled them to live in comparative 
independence. 

Another feature of Friendly Societies, particularly the older class of them, deserving 
of attention, is a want of graduation in the premiums or rates of contribution. This 
feature, although generally associated with inadequate rates, is not of itself evidence of 
instability, but is rather a principle which is non-equitable to the members. The better 
constituted Friendly Societies have long discontinued such a plan, and have now Tables 
graduated according to age ; but as there are stiU many Societies not so improved, it is 
proposed to add a few observations on the nature of this error, which is most 
strikingly developed in the management of Odd- Fellow Societies. 

Odd- Fellow Societies, although not numerically of the same importance with Friendly 
Societies, are still by no means an insignificant body of the community. A\niat is termed 
the Manchester Unity contains at the present time, in its various ramifications over the 
kingdom, about 400,000 Members, and its income is about a quarter of a million annually. 
The Members are stated to have increased, during the last few years, at the rate of 25,000 
per annum. 



OF FKIEKDLY SOCIETIES. 



135 



Odd-Fellow Societies are peculiar in their constitution, and differ in some respects 
from Friendly Societies ; but so far as the subject of Life Contingencies is concerned, they 
present the most objectionable features of the worst conditioned Friendly Societies, and gene- 
rally the preceding remarks will apply with greater force to them, so far as the question 
of stability relates. Every Lodge under what is termed the " Order of Odd Fellows," 
is, by the 32nd General Law, compelled to. exact the following rate of Initiation or Entry 
Money from all members on admission, who must not be under the age of eighteen, nor 
above fortv. 



Under 35 


years of age 


Above 35 


and under 36 


„ 3G 


37 


„ 37 


38 


„ 38 


39 


„ 39 


40 



£1 1 





1 13 





•2 8 





3 4 





4 2 





5 5 






Between 18 and 35 years of age, individual Lodges sometimes vary the Entry Money, 
but they must always be within the limits here assigned; (see the Laws and Regulations 
of the Independent Order of Odd FeUows, as revised and corrected agreeably to the 
Resolutions of the Grand Committees, and adopted by the A. M. C. held at the Isle of 
Man, June 1841.) Of late some Lodges have proposed improvements in the relation 
between the Contributions and Benefits; but the following are the rates as abstracted 
from the Regulations of several Lodges, and may be regarded as the general scale 
adopted. In addition to the Entry Money already quoted, each Member must make 
a weekly Contribution of 4d., or a monthly Contribution of Is. 4d., being at the rate of 
17s. 4d. per annum. In lieu of those pajTnents, the Members are promised, in addition 
to many other privileges, the following benefits : — 



An Allowance of 

A Sum of 

And a Sum of . 



£ 1 per Week during Sickness. 
1 at Death of Member. 
6 at the Death of a Member's Wife. 



Assuming that the allowance to the Member's wife is thrown out of the question, and 
also that the allowance during Sickness should be discontinued after attaining 70 years of 
age— which is to view the liabilities at a very reduced rate— at the age of 1 8 the preceding 
Tables would make the annual Contributions 18s.; but the actual Contribution is 
17s. 4d., to which has to be added one shilling, the value of the Entry Money, in yearly 
payments, making the total Contributions 18s. 4d., and differing but little from the true 
amount required. But take the case of a Member entering at 35 years of age, and the non- 



136 KATES AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

equitable character of those Societies will immediately appear. The Entry Money at that 
age is equivalent to an annual payment of 1 s. 9d. yearly ; to this add the Contribution of 
17s. 4d., and the fuU yearly payment will equal 19s. Id; but the preceding Tables 
show that the Contribution re(juired at the same age is £1 8s. This striking disparity 
places the injustice of the regulation beyond all sanction. To render the preceding scale 
of Entry Money equitable, those admitted at age 35 should pay £10 5s. 2d. instead of 
£1 13s. ; so that, in fact, the practice of Odd-Fellow Societies holds out a bribe or bonus 
to one class of ]\Iembers of £8 12s. 2d. A similar remark is applicable to the admission 
at all other ages between 18 and 35 ; and notwithstanding the obvious injustice of such a 
system, Odd Fellows seem to possess a peculiar pertinacity to adliere to the false and insecure 
plans of old Benefit Clubs, and which have long since been abandoned by every Friendly 
Society of any pretensions or importance. Although many Lodges and Districts have 
taken up the subject, very little improvement is to be expected tdl the near dissolution of 
the Societies excite serious attention ; but that the danger of their position, and the non- 
equitable mode of payment, is already known to a considerable extent, is evident from the 
following extract from a Report, recently made by a Sub-Conunittee of a District containing 
.lOOO Members. 

" So long as an influx of young members shall continue, the funds may appear to 
maintain a position which, to the eye of the inexperienced, may be altogether delusive. 
But when the original members shall have passed the meridian of life, and have begun to 
experience the infirmities of old age, the demands made upon the funds will then necessarily 
be so much larger. The stability of the Institution Avill come then to be fairly tested." 
And again they say, " If the present system is permitted to continue, which seems not only 
to involve within itself the elements of dissolution, but is constructed on principles which 
act unfairly towards the younger portion of the Members — thus, for example, a young 
man of eighteen years is charged as much for his initiation as a man of thirty, while all the 
time the Entry ]\Ioney of the former has been accumulating at compound interest ; thus 
evidently shomng that the Entiy Money at eighteen is in reality nearly double of what 
it is at thirty, thoiigh undoubtedly it ought to be the reverse. . . That it is unjust, and 
likewise unsafe, to the well-being of a Benefit Society, that each Member should pay an 
equal sum, whatever his age may be at the time of his entry." 

It has been stated, that to render it equitable to members entering at ages 18 and 35 
respectively, those at the latter age should pay £1 8s. annually instead of 19s. Id. as 
at present ; but it is not to be supposed that even this sum Avould render Odd-Fellow 
Societies safe, for it makes no provision for Sickness after 70 years of age ; but an inspec- 
tion of the Table on page 105 wiU shew that the amount of Sickness after that period of life 
is equivalent to about 43 per cent, of Permanent Sickness ; and on reference to Appendix 
Note IV., this will be found, at age 35, to require an additional contribution of 17s. 3d. 
yearly, making the whole £2 5s. 3d. instead of 19s. Id., or considerably more than double. 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 137 

The inevitable dissolution of the Order of Odd-Fellowship, under such circumstances, is cer- 
tain. Presuming that no change in the contributions and benefits should take place, and 
assuming the average age at admission to be 31, which is near the truth, and taking the 
total number of members in the ]\Ianchester Unity at 400,000, a donation or gift of no less 
than £9,135,000 would be required to enable the Order to meet all its liabilities; and that is 
taking it for granted that the affairs of those Societies are conducted with proper regard to 
economy, and the funds invested to yield at least 3 per cent, compound interest. But there 
is much reason to fear that neither one nor the other of those conditions is fuliilled, (see an 
able Address by Mr. Thomas Barlow to the West Mendip Friendly Society) ; and the fol- 
lomng Abstract from the Report of the Sub-Committee of the Glasgow District of Odd 
Fellows, M. U., September 1843, will show that, even in a place proverbial for its economy 
in other matters, there is a lavish expenditure in the management of those Societies. In 
reading the following quotation, it wiU be necessary to bear in mind that the number of 
members in the district being 5000, the annual income must be about £4330 : — 

" The first thing to which attention is called is the expense of opening, and of Re- 
galias — an expense of, on the average, £16 8s. 4id., to which may be added £7 for Dis- 
pensation, Lecture Book, &c., and Lodge Chest — making £23 8s. 4gd., the average of 
opening a Lodge. 

" The District and Delegate Expenses being, as shewn, Is. 6d. per member, which, 
in the Glasgow District, mth its 5000 members, is at the rate of £375 paid for District 
Expenses and Delegates in each year. 

" The sum of 2s. 6d. paid for the Surgeon to attend members is, over the whole Dis- 
trict, at the rate of £625 in the year. Current Lodge Expenses is returned on the average 
of 2s. per member, being £500 paid in each year for Lodge Room Rent, &c. ; being in all 
£1500 paid in the Glasgow District for the working of the Order — a sum which will soon 
convince the most incredulous that the benefits of the Order wiU soon cease if such an 
expenditure is allowed to continue." 

Recently a change has been proposed in the Rates and Contributions of the General 
Order of Odd Fellows by the Glasgow A. M. C. And although those terms would be 
about 30 per cent, under what are necessary to secure the stability of the Society, still the 
opposition offered to such innovation seems to threaten a more immediate dissolution to 
the Society than even that which the inadequate nature of the Contributions would effect. 

It would seem that each Lodge, by a set of bye-laws, can regulate its own weekly 
contributions; and as an example of the curious errors into which those who are not 
thoroughly acqainted with such subjects ^vill occasionally fall, it may be mentioned that 
one of the Lodges referred to in the preceding Report, apprehending the danger of its 
position under the general scale adopted by the Order, proposed new terms mth a view 
to greater safety ; and it oddly enough happens that the new rates produce a greater 



1^8 RATES AND COKTKIBUTIONS 

deficiency than the old, to the extent of 5s. Sd, annually to each member at the age of 
85 ; and proportionate deficiencies are found at other ages. 

It is evident that the Order of OddFelloAvs stands in need of much improvement; 
and considering that thirty-three Members of Parliament, and between six and seven hun- 
dred of the clergy, as well as many other elevated names, are said to be enrolled as members, 
it is remarkable that some gentleman of influence and scientific attainments should not before 
this have given attention to the lamentable condition in which his too confiding brethren 
(,)f the Order are placed, and have done something to raise the Unity to the common level 
at least of the Friendly Societies thi-oughout the kingdom. 

There is another class of Societies which attempts to carry out the general principles 
of Friendly Societies ; but they are, like the Odd-Fellow Societies, modelled after the very 
rudest shape in which Benefit Clubs were formed fifty years ago : and so far as relates 
to their contributions and benefits, almost nothing fm-ther is necessary to be stated. 
" Rechabite" is the name by which those Societies are knoA\m ; and every member has to 
come under an obligation to abstain from intoxicating liquors, and to discountenance by 
every lawful means in his power the drinking usages of society. 

The terms on which members are admitted are according to the following scale : — 
entry money at age 16 is 5s., and at age 40 it increases to £2 10s. ; the monthly contri- 
bution for all ages is Is. 4d., or 17s. 4d. annually. The benefits promised are an allow- 
ance of 10s. per week in sickness, and a deferred annuity of 5s. weekly after 70 years of 
age. To young members entering the Rechabite Societies, or Tents as they are termed, 
Mt the age of IG, the actual premium for the above benefits, making allowance for entry 
money, should be £1 2s. annually ; at age 40, also alloAving for entry money, the 
annual premium should be £2 10s. 2d. 

It wiU thus be seen, that by the youngest member at sixteen there is an ultimate 
loss of 4s. 8d. annually, and by the member aged forty there is a loss of £1 12s. lOd. 
aimually, provided that it were possible to sustain such losses ; but it is needless to 
add, that permanence is not to be expected with Societies so constituted. Not only do 
the Rechabite Societies, hi common with Odd-Fellow Societies, perpetrate an injustice 
on the younger members by the above disparity in the pajonents ; but that injustice is 
further augmented by le\ying a uniform tax of 3s. yearly, mthout distinction of age, for 
funeral money, the sum of £10 being payable on the death of each member. The 
discouragement given to drinking usages, and the practice of temperance enjoined by 
Rechabites, is deserving of everv support, and is well calculated to increase the comforts 
and elevate the moral and pohtical condition of the working classes ; but it is to be regret- 
ed that the monetary foundation on which the Societies are built should be destined to 
effect their overthrow at so eai-ly a })eriod. 



OF FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 139 

A class of Societies, of which there are about two thousand in the kingdom, pass 
under the name of the Courts of Foresters, and their object is also to provide agamst 
sickness and death; members are admitted between the ages of 18 and 38, on the same 
terms, and participate to the same extent in the benefits offered. It is therefore 
unnecessary to add any thing to what has already been remarked of Odd Fellows and 
Rechabite Societies, as the same observations are equally applicable to aU. 

The illustrations of the condition of the various grades of Friendly Societies, given 
in the preceding pages, have been made as general as possible, in order to ensure 
their being readily understood by the members to whom they were more particularly 
addressed. It will be necessary, in every instance where any practical application is 
made of the facts presented, to use every caution in the selection of those examples which 
strictly belong to the case in point ; and it is hoped that the marked differences which 
have been shown to prevail between the Rates of Mortality and Sickness, under the many 
modifications as to condition and peculiarity of employment and rank in society, will be a 
sufficient guarantee against the indiscriminate use of the general results for the govern- 
ment of individual classes whose circumstances differ widely. 

Should the present contribution in any degree advance the science of Vital Statistics, 
and place the provident and self-supporting institutions of the people on a more permanent 
foundation, the highest wish of the writer, in venturing on so important a subject, will be 
consummated. 



APPENDIX. 

Note I. 
Expectation of Life. 



Ages. 


Milne. 

Carlisle, 

\.D. 1779—1787. 

Both Sexes. 


Deparcieux. 

Tontine 
Nominees. 
Both Sexes. 


Demonferrand. 


Assured Lives. 


Ages. 


France, 
A.D. 1817—1832. 


Equitable. 
Davies. 


Amicable. 
Galloway. 


Males. 1 Females. 


10 


48-82 


46-83 


47-00 47-42 


48-83 




10 


15 


45-00 


43-50 


43-58 43-66 


44-81 




15 


20 


41-46 


40-25 


40-00 


40-08 


41-06 




20 


25 


37-86 


37-17 


37-25 


36-83 


37-44 


37-805 


25 


30 


34-34 


34-08 


34-00 


33-41 


33-98 


33-681 


30 


35 


31-00 


30-92 


30-50 


30-00 


30-66 


29-721 


35 


40 


27-61 


27-50 


27-00 


26-58 


27-40 


25-944 


40 


45 


24-46 


23-92 


23-41 


23-16 


24-10 


22-365 


. 45 


50 


21-11 


20-42 


19-91 


19-58 


20-83 


18-994 


50 


55 


17-58 


17-25 


16-50 


16-25 


17-85 


15-832 


55 


60 


14 -.34 


14-25 


13-25 


13-16 


15-06 


12-878 


60 


65 


11-79 


11-25 


10-58 


10-50 


12-35 


10-264 


65 


70 


9-18 


8-67 


8-08 


8-08 


9-84 


8-113 


70 


75 


7-01 


6-50 


6-16 


6-16 


7-52 


6-345 


75 


80 


5-51 


4-67 


4-75 


4-75 


5-38 


4-884 


80 





Milne. 




Price. 

Noitliampton. 

A.D. 1735-1780. 

Both Sexes. 




Ages. 


SweJen and FinU 
A.D. 1776 — 179 


nd, 
5. 


Montpellier 
A.D. 1772—1792. 


Duvillard. 

France. 

Both Sexes. 


Ages. 


Males. 


Females. 


Both Sexes. 


Males. 


Females. 


10 


45-03 


47-28 


46-16 


44-12 


46-77 


40-80 


39-78 


10 


15 


41-51 


43-74 


42-63 


40-06 


43-02 


37-40 


36-51 


15 


20 


37-86 


40-04 


38-96 


36-52 


39-45 


34-26 


33-43 


20 


25 


34-48 


36-44 


35-47 


33-49 


36-32 


31-34 


30-85 


25 


30 


31-22 


33-00 


32-12 


30-43 


33-34 


28-52 


28-27 


30 


35 


27-95 


29-68 


28-82 


27-30 


30-41 


25-72 


25-68 


35 


40 


24-61 


26-27 


25-45 


24-06 


27-45 


22-89 


23-08 


40 


45 


21-45 


23-03 


22-26 


21-00 


24-44 


20-05 


20-52 


45 


50 


18-36 


19-66 


19-03 


18-23 


21-35 


17-23 


17-99 


50 


55 


15-39 


16-37 


15-90 


15-53 


18-42 


14-51 


15-58 


55 


60 


12-47 


13-18 


12-85 


1314 


15-73 


11-95 


13-21 


60 


65 


9-92 


10-41 


1019 


11-01 


13-22 


9-63 


10-88 


65 


70 


7-87 


8-12 


8-01 


9-02 


10-79 


7-58 


8-60 


70 


75 


6-13 


6-38 


6-27 


7-07 


8-44 


5-87 


6-54 


75 


80 


4-75 


4-94 


4-85 


5-17 


6-17 


4-60 


4-75 


80 



APPENDIX. 141 



Note II. 



Rural Districts. 



Anglesea — Beaumaris, Llanerchymedd, Llansadwrn. 

Bedfordshire — Ampthill, Dunstable, Eaton Socon, Henlow, Harrold, Mauldeu, Oakley, St. Loyds, 

Reuhold, Silsoe, Woburn. 
Berkshire — Sunning Hill, Maidenhead, Winkfield. 
Buckinghamshire — Aylesbuns Dagiiall, Eton, Great Marlow, Great Misenden, Lower Winchendon» 

Newport Pagnell, Stoke Poges, Weston Turville, Wooburn. 
Breconshire — Brecknock, Hay, Llomelly, Tassiny Pridd. 
Cambridgeshire — Ickleton, Melbourn, Whittlesford. 
Cardiganshire — Yspytty Coufin. 
Carmarthenshire — Langodock, Pembrey. 
Carnarvonshire — Bangor, Carmel, Llandwrog. 
Cheshire — Asliton-upon-Mersey, Buglawton, Congleton, Horridge End, Middlewich, Sandbach, 

Weaverham. 
Cornwall — Bodmin, Breaze, Helstone, Kilkhampton, Marazion, Millbrook, North Hill, Church Town, 

Quethiock, St. Kenerne, C. T., St. Ive, St. Germans, St Ewe, St. Agnes, Torpoint, Tuck- 

ingmill. 
Cumberland — Cockermouth. 
Derbyshire — Clonn, Cubley, Dronfield, Dale Abbey, Glossip, Middleton, Miller Moor End, Pentrich, 

Peakforest, Sanley, Thorpe, Walton. 
Denbighshire — Llanfair Talhaiam, Llandogla. 
Devonshire — Ashford, Bovey Tracy, Broadclist, Bishops Nympton, Chudleigh, Churston Ferrers, 

Cornvvorthy, Dodbrook, Great Torrington, Hartland, Holsworthy, Hatherleigh, Hennock, 

Kingskernell, Kingsbridge, Modbury, Moretonhampstead, Merton, Newton Abbott, Newton 

Bushel, Northlen, Plymstock, Stokelleming, Totnes, Whitchurch. 
Dorsetshire — Hilton, Lyme Regis, Sherborne, Tarrant Munckton, Wyke Regis. 
Durham — .Burnopfield, Bishop Huckland, Houghton le Spring, Longridge, Monkwearmouth, Sedgeiield, 

WiiJaton. 
Essex — Arkesden, Chigv.ell, Castle Hedingham, Dedham, Fordham, Great Baddow, Great Chesterfield, 

Gestingthorpe, Goldlianger, Hatfield Heath, Leigh, Loughton, Stebbing, St. Osyth, Withani, 

White Northley, Walthamstow. 
Flintshire — Llanhasa, Mold, St. Asaph. 

O O 



142 APPENDIX. 

GlarrKyrgamhire — Aberayron, Canphilly, Eglurysilan, Gellygear, Llangonoyd, Llanfabon, Pontardylas 

near Swansea, Lantwit-juxta-Neath. 
Gloucestershire — Arlingham, Frampton-on-Severne, John St. Spt. Nily, Lechlade, Newnham, North 

Verney, Prestbury, Paintneck, Sherborne, Stow-in-the-Wold, Stapeton, Tewkesbury, 

Tidenham, Winchcomb, Woolaston, Yate, Yatton. 
Hampshire — Bitternc, Breamore, Buriton, Burley, Christchurch, Eling, Fordingbridge, Millbrook, 

Swarthling, Westend, Winchester, Wootton, (Isle of Wight,) West Cowes, I. W. 
Hertfordshire — Lenisford Mills, North Mimms, Stevenage. 
Huntingdonshire — Deddington, Huntingdon. 
Isle of Jersey— St. Heliers. 
Xent — Chislehurst, Cranbrook, Queenborough, Seven Oaks, St. Peters, Margate, Wrotham, 

Woolwich. 
Lancashire — Caton, Church Town, Chipping, Dalton, Everton, Hunts Bank, Manchester, Kirkham, 

Long Ashton, Lathorn, Ribchester, Skelmorsdale. 
Leicestershire — Barwell, Markfield, Misterton, Quorndon, Sileby, Whitwich.' 
Li?icoln — Barrowby, Crowland, Deeping, Dorrington, Horncastle, Sleaford, Sutton Wash, South 

Witham. 
Merionethshire — Blamare, Bala, Llwyngwiil, Llanfachreth, Llanderfel, Penlyn, Trawsfynydd. 
Monmouthshire — Chepstow, Llanfeangel, Pantengue, Ragland. 
Montgomeryshire — Llanidloes, Welsh Pool. 

Northamptonshire — Kingsthorpe, Kettering, Little Houghton, Peakirk, Peterborough, Welling- 
borough. 
Norfolk — Ayleshani, Hainford, Kirkling, Ludham, Melton Parva, Snettisham, Shipshani, Strump- 

shaw. 
Northumberland — (Not stated.) 
Nottinghamshire — Carlton, Stapleford. 
Oxfordshire — Banbury, Fritwell, Oxford, Steeple Aston. 
Pembrokeshire — Begelly, St. Florence. 
Radnorshire — Presteign. 

Shropshire — Ellesmere, Hodnet, Mensterly, Norton, Rayton, Seluttyn, Whitchurch. 
Somersetshire — Bath, Easton, Rutleigh, Chew Stoke, Marsbury, Radstock, Stogumber, Wellington, 

Wincanton, Washford. 
Staffordshire — Ashley, Biddulph, Bursben, Bloxwich, Cobridge, Endon, Hanley, Lone End, Pelsall, 

Trentham, Wolstanton, Yoxall. 
Suffolk — Bungay, Bury St. Edmnnds, Haverhill, Lanshall, Sudbury, Withersfield. 
Surrey — Dorking, Godalming, Horsley, Kingston, Richmond, Sandon, Tatesfield. 
Sussex — Billinghurst, Compton, Loxwood, Rothersfield, Wilmington. 
Warwickshire — Alcester, Berkswell, Halford, Knowle, Polesworth. 
Wiltshire — Aldbourn, Chisledon, Corsham, Donhead, East Knoyle, Highworth, Malmesbury, 

Wootten Basset. 
Worcestershire — Longdon, Pershore. 



APPENDIX. 143 

Yorkshire — Bentham, Boonsley, Briggatt, Dukenfield, Driffield, Gildersome, Grassington, Harewood, 
Hawden, Holmpitch, Headingly, Overblow, Queenshead, Rastrick, Sclioles, Stanningly, 
Steeton, Thorne, Thurstonland. 



Town Districts. 

Bedfordshire — Bedibrd. 

Breconshire — Crickhowell. 

Cambridgeshire — Cambridge. 

Cheshire — Astbury and Lanton, Chester. 

Cornwall — Camborne, Penzance, Redruth, St. Austell. 

Derbyshire — Alfreton, Chesterfield. 

Denbighsh ire — Wrexham. 

Dorsetsh ire — B Ian df ord . 

Durham' — Stockton, Stockton-on-Tees, Sunderland, South Shields. 

Essex — Barking, Chelmsford. 

Flintshire — Holywell. 

Glamorganshire — Swansea. 

Gloucestershire — Cheltenliam, Stroud. 

Hampshire — Portsea, Southampton, Winchester. 

Kent — Deptford, Maidstone. 

Lancashire — Ashton, Ashton-under-Lyne, Blackburn, Friargate Preston, (and Town near Manchester). 

Lincoln — Lincoln, Stamford. 

Middlesex — Fulham . 

MonmoutJishire — Bedwelty, Pontypool. 

Northamptonshire — Northampton. 

Norfolk — Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Yarmouth. 

Northumberland — Newcastle, Tynemouth. 

Pembrokesh ire — Pembroke. 

Shropshire — Shrewsbury, Wellington. 

Somersetshire — Bath. 

Staffordshire — Stafford, Stone, Stoke-upon-Trent, Sedgeley, Tamworth, Walsall, West Bromwich. 

Surrey — Beaubridge, Dulwich. 

Sussex — Brighton. 

Warwickshire — Coventry, Nuneaton. 

Wiltshire — Trowbridge. 

Worcestershire — Bromsgrove, Dudley. 

Yorkshire — Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Whitby. 



City Districts. 

Devonshire — Devonport. Middlesex — London and Suburbs. 

Gloucestershire — Bristol. Warwickshire — Birmingham. 

Lancashire — Liverpool and Suburbs. Yorkshire — Leeds, Sheffield, York. 



140 



APPENDIX. 



RuRAj. Districts. 
Aberdour. 

BoiTowstounness. 

Catrine. 

Ceres. 

Coldinghiui}. 

Currie 

Dairy. 

Dunbar. 

Dunse. 

Rosehearty. 

Saltcoats. 

Greenlaw. 

Turriff. 

KirkmichaeL 

Alexandria. 

Anstruther. 

Mauchline. 

Musselburgh. 

Newburgh, 

Stranraer. 



Note III. 
List of Districts in Scotland. 



Douglas. 

Stornoway. 

Strichen. 

Strathaven. 

Tliornliebank. 

Westquarter. 

Preston Pans. 

Kilwinning. 

Stevenston. 

Towns. 

Arbroath. 
Kilmarnock. 
Dalkeith. 
Campbelltown. 

Cities. 

Edinburgh. 
Glasgow. 
Paisley. 
Aberdeen. 



Note IV, 

Single and Annual Payment for a Sick Allowance to continue till the Extreme 

of Life. Three per Cent. Friendly Societies Males. 

Rural, Town, and City Districts. 



Age. 


^S'XSitit^ r^voTTiiimn 


Annual Premium to be 


Annual Premium to be . 1 




uiii^ic IT rcUilUIDi 


Payable till Death. 


Payable till Age 70. 


Age. 


10 


45-25344 


1-78382 


1-82418 


10 


11 


46-25386 


1-83861 


1-88195 


11 


12 


47-18935 


1-89181 


1-93829 


12 


13 


48-08238 


1-94444 


1-99426 


13 


14 


48-95686 


1-99712 


2-05051 


14 


15 


49-83723 


2-05055 


2-10776 


15 


16 


50-74952 


2-10543 


2-16677 


16 


17 


51-72150 


2-16251 


2-22832 


17 


18 


52-75021 


2-22197 


2-29264 


18 


19 


53-83229 


2-28403 


2-35997 


19 


20 


5^-96S5G 


2-34889 


2-43056 


20 


21 


56-13955 


2-41681 


2-50474 


21 


22 


57-35479 


2-48806 


2-58281 


22 


23 


58-61161 


2-56285 


2-66504 


23 


24 


59-91067 


2-64718 


2-75802 


24 


25 


61-254i6 


2-72383 


2-84309 


25 


26 


62-64 H 5 


2-81049 


2-93954 


26 


27 


64-08249 


2-90800 


3-04843 


27 


28 


65-57331 


2-99758 


3-14919 


28 


29 


67-11975 


3-09875 


3-26339 


29 


30 


68-72624 


3-19853 


3-37675 


30 


31 


70-39642 


3-31850 


3-51343 


31 


32 


72-13488 


3-43800 


3-65061 


32 


33 


73-94001 


3-56451 


3-79663 


33 


34 


75-80993 


3-69817 


3-95202 


34 


35 


77-74365 


3-83937 


4-11740 


S5 


36 


79-73958 


3-98848 


4-29348 


36 


37 


81-79603 


4-14592 


4-47069 


37 


38 


83-91558 


4-31212 


4-08104 


38 


39 


86-09388 


4-48791 


4-89432 


39 


40 


88-33321 


4-67342 


5-12214 


40 


41 


90-63574 


4-86948 


5-36580 


41 


42 


93-00194 


5-07688 


5-62090 


42 


43 


95-43467 


5-29642 


5-90718 


43 


44 


97-93764 


5-5291 1 


6-20876 


44 


45 


100-51489 


5-77602 


6-53410 


45 


46 


103-17002 


6-03842 


6-88605 


46 


47 


105-90721 


6-31773 


7-26799 


47 


48 


108-73331 


6-61524 


7-68896 


48 


49 


111-65371 


6-93230 


8-13695 


49 


50 


114-67554 


7-27064 


8-63337 


50 


51 


117-80749 


7-63205 


9-17901 


51 


52 


121-05895 


8-01875 


9-78140 


52 


53 


124-43467 


8-43265 


10-44921 


53 


54 


127-93754 


8-87629 


11-19351 


54 


55 


131-57168 


9-35235 


12-02794 


55 


56 


135-34342 


9-86389 


12-96967 


56 


57 


139-26056 


10-41527 


14-04234 


57 


58 


143-29562 


11-00733 


15-27047 


58 


59 


147-42162 


11-6+210 


16-68888 


59 


60 


151-61214 


12-34866 


18-40498 


60 


61 


155-83668 


13-04968 


20-30792 


61 


62 


160-06755 


13-82718 


22-67034 


62 


63 


164-23507 


14-65102 


25-56717 


63 


64 


168-26433 


15-51609 


29-20809 


64 


65 


172-08306 


16-41560 


33-94406 


65 


66 


175-61910 


17-34150 


40-40871. 


66 


67 


178-78889 


18-28333 


49-87166 


67 


68 


181-59549 


19-23611 


65-32729 


68 


6!) \ 


ISl-niO^fi 


20-1931 ! 


95-76302 


69 



142^ 



APPENDIX. 



Note V. 



Ratio Co^'stantly Sick at Vaeious Terms of Life. 







Number of Males 




Age. 


Number per Cent. 
Constantly Sick. 


Constantly Sick 
in England and Wales. 


Age. 


11 — 15 


1-7410 


15316-20 


11 — 15 


16 — 20 


1-5234 


11897-20 


16 — 20 


21 — 25 
26 — 30 


. l-6325\ 
1-7494/ 


22541-10 


21 — 30 


31 — 35 

36 — 40 


1-7614) 
2-0496/ 


19041 -CO 


31 — 40 


41 — 45 
46 — 50 


2-6247 \ 
3-2438/ 


21962-10 


41 — 50 


51 — 55 
56 — 60 


4-5240 \ 
6-3544/ 


27004-20 


51 — 60 


61 — 65 
66 — 70 


10-39501 
21-8225/ 


53089-30 


61 — 70 


71 — 75 
76 — 80 


36-6275 \ 
51-2830/ 


70131-00 


71 — SO 


81 — 85 
86 — 90 


54-0759 » 
62-7993/ 


24090-60 


81—90 


91 — 95 
96 —100 


87-7356\ 


1126-60 


91 — 95 



The second column of the above Table shows the ratio constantly sick, among the Members of 
Friendly Societies at quinquennial terms of life. And the third column indicates the actual number 
of Males constantly Sick in Ensrland and Wales, according to the same ratio, and the Population as 
given at the Census of 1841. It vv-ill thus be found that of the Male Population above 10 years of 
age, 266199, or 4-6127 per cent, are constantly sick. 



APPENDIX. 



143 



q* 



Note VI. 

Exi'ECTATION OF LiFE IN IRELAND. 



Age. 


Males. 


Females. 


Age. 


Males. 


Females. 


10 


46-6223 


48-7375 


56 


15-0512 


16-4081 


11 


45-7987 


47-9506 


57 


14-5054 


15-8327 


12 


44-9717 


47-1564 


58 


13-9713 ' 


15-2707 


13 


44-1463 


46-3635 


59 


13-4504 


14-7240 


14 


43-3262 


45-5727 


60 


12-9433 


14-1938 


15 


42-5154 


44-7866 


61 


12-4486 


13-6784 


1(5 


41-7179 


44-0077 


62 


11-9641 


13-1760 


17 


40-9371 


43-2383 


63 


11-4881 


12-6848 


18 


40-1714 


42-4773 


64 


110183 


12-2030 


19 


39-4192 


41-7239 


65 


10-5530 


11-7287 


20 


38-6796 


40-9770 


66 


10-0965 


11-2651 


21 


37-9509 


40-2358 


67 


9-6521 


10-8149 


22 


37-2318 


39-4991 


68 


9-2230 


10-3806 


23 


36-5217 


38-7667 


69 


8-8122 


9-9643 


24 


35-8206 


38-0387 


70 


8-4221 


9-5683 


25 


35-1272 


37-3144 


71 


8-0502 


9-1902 


26 


34-4405 


36-5942 


72 


7-6938 


8-8277 


27 


33-7587 


35-8777 


73 


7-3521 


S-4792 


28 


33-0808 


35-1651 


74 


7-0195 


8-1425 


29 


32-4049 


34-4563 


75 


6-6945 


7-8156 


30 


31-7295 


33-7515 


76 


6-3794 


7-4989 


31 


31-0546 


33-0499 


77 


6-0758 


7-1929 


32 


30-3796 


32-3516 


78 


5-7858 


6-8979 


33 


29-7044 


31-6557 


79 


5-5091 


6-6145 


34 


29-0286 


30-9626 


80 


5-2509 


6-3422 


35 


28-3519 


30-2714 


81 


5-0045 


6-0796 


36 


27-6756 


29-5816 


82 


4-7691 


5-8243 


37 


27-0003 


28-8936 


83 


4-5328 


5-5741 


38 


26-3272 


28-2068 


84 


4-3206 


5-3265 


39 


25-6570 


27-5210 


85 


4-1019 


5-0783 


40 


24-9904 


26-8362 


86 


3-8875 


4-8314 


41 


24-3269 


26-1517 


87 


3-6799 


4-5860 


42 


23-6660 


25-4670 


88 


3-4798 


4-3426 


43 


23-0067 


24-7818 


89 


3-2881 


4-1005 


44 


22-3489 


24-0956 


90 


3-1064 


3-8595 


45 


21-6918 


23-4599 


91 


2-9309 


3-6143 


46 


21-0384 


22-7229 


92 


2-7570 


3-3579 


47 


20-3916 


22-0433 


93 


2-5781 


3-0798 


48 


19-7538 


21-3722 


94 


2-3891 


2-7698 


49 


19-1275 


20-7123 


95 


2-1732 


2-4398 


50 


18-5149 


20-0658 


96 


1-9265 


2-0898 


51 


17-9144 


19-4319 


97 


1-6197 


1-7251 


52 


17-3247 


18-8091 


98 


1-3068 


1-3446 


53 


16-7445 


18-1959 


99 


•9489 


•9375 


54 


16-1727 


17-5915 


100 


-5000 


•5000 


55 


15-6075 


16-994(3 









The above results are deduced from the Report of the Census Commissioners for Ireland, and cal- 
culated in the same manner as that described for Tables D and R. The Mortahty for the years 
1839, 1840 only was taken, in order to avoid the chances of error, connected with the more remote years; 
as in Ireland, no actual registration of the deaths took place but were stated from memory at the period of 
the Census. 



INDEX. 



Members of— their position in society- 
of their lives 



ANNUITIES— 

Table of Value of Annuities in Rural, Town, 
and Cit}- Districts, in England, Wales, and 
Scotland, Tables of, . 112—114,123 

Comparison between Tables of Annuities and 

Tables of Expectation of Life . 124—126 

Remarks on the Tables . .127, 132, 134 

ANNUITANTS, GOVERNMENT— 

Value of Life among . . .38 

ASSURANCES— 

Tables of premiums for the Assurance of sum 

at Death . . 115—117,123 

Remarks on the Tables . . . 127 

ASSURANCE SOCIETIES— 

value 

35 
Table of the Expectation of Life among . 37 

BAKERS— 

Tables of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., 

and Specific Intensity . . 46 

Expectation of Life among . .51 

Value of Life among . . .55 

CENSUS- 

Correction of the Enumeration of the Popula- 
tion in . . . . 1 — 3 

Want of Unity between Census and Registrar 

General's Reports . . . 10, 11 

CLERKS— 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity . .44 

Expectation of Life among . . 50 

Value of Life among . . .55, 56 

DATA, ORIGINAL— 

~ Extent of in this Volume, how obtained, and 

method of using . . 13 — 15 

deaths- 
England AND Wales, 

Sum of Corrected Enumeration of, in the 

years 1838, 1839, 1840. 1841 . . 4 

Tables of . . 16 — 23 

Scotland, 

Tables of Deaths in . 64 — 71, 79, 84, 85 



DISTRICTS, rural- 
England AND Wales. 

Tables of Population, Deaths, and Sickness 16, 17 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 
Specific Intensity 



25 



between 



30 
31 
32 

43 



48 



49 

51 

92 

114 



Comparison of Specific Intensity 

Table C and Rural Districts 
The same with Tables D and G 
Table of Expectation 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 
Specific Intensity among Labourers 

„ among the Residue, at^er abstract- 
ing Labourers from Rural Dis- 
tricts 
Comparison of the Expectation of Life among 
Labourers in Rural Districts and the Rural 
Districts generally 
Expectation of Life among, after abstracting 
Labourers .... 
Average Sickness per annum to each person in 
Table of Value of Annuities in . 112 

„ Premiums for Assuring Sum at 

Death in . . 115—117 

„ Probability of Li\-ing one year in . 118 

„ „ of Dying in one year in 119 

,, Premiums for Sickness in . 120 — 122 

List of Places comprised under the head 

of ... 141,142 

Scotland — 

Tables of Population, Deaths, and Sickness 64, 65, 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity . . .73 

Table of Expectation . . .77 

Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 
List of Places comprised under the head 

of .... 144 

DISTRICTS, town- 
England and Wales. 

Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness 18, 19 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity ' . . .26 

Comparison between Specific Intensity of 

Table C and that of Town Districts " . 29, 30 
Table of Expectation . . 32 

Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 



146 



INDEX. 



115- 


-117 




118 




119 


120- 


-122 


of 


143 



DISTRICTS, TOWN, {continued) 
England and Wales. 

Table of Value of Annuities in . .112 

„ Premiums for Assuring Sum 

„ Death in 

„ Probability of Living one year 

1) „ I^yi'ig in one year 

„ Premiums ibr Sickness 

List of Places comprised under the head of 
Scotland — 

Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness 66, 67 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity . . .74 

Table of Expectation . . .77 

Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 
List of Places comprised under the head of 144 

DISTRICTS, city- 
England AND Wales — 

Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity 
Comparison of Specific Intensity of Table C 

with that of City Districts 
Table of Expectation 

Average Sickness per annum to each person in 
Table of Value of Annuities in . 112 



20 

27 

29,30 

32 

92 

114 

Table of Premiums for Assuring Sum at Death 

in . . 115—117 

„ Probability of Living One Year . 118 

!> „ Dying in One Yeai- . 119 

„ Premiums for Sickness . 120 — 122 

List of Places comprised under the Head of 144 

Scotland — 

Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness . 68, 69 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity . . .75 

Table of Expectation . . .77 

Average Sickness per annum to cacli person in 92 
List of Places comprised under the head 

of . . . .144 

DISTRICTS, Rural, Town, and City (combined) — 
England and Wales. 

Table of Population, Deaths, and Sickness. 

Trades not Classified (Males) . . 22, 23 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 
Specific Intensity, Trades not Classified, 
(Males) . . . .28 

Tables of Expectation . . .32,50 

Table of Decrements, Mor-T 

tality per Cent., and Spe- > Clerks . 44 

cific Intensity among J 

„ plumbers, Painters 

and Glaziers . 45 
„ Bakers . . 46 

„ Miners . . 47 

„ Females, Trades 

not Classified . 57 
Table of Value of Annuities in . 112—114,123 
„ Premiums for Assuring sums at Death 

in . . . 115—117 

„ the Probability of living one year . 118 
!» „ dying in one year . 119 

„ Premiums for Sickness . 120 — 122 



DISTRICTS— (fon/i/iuerf.) 

Scotland. 

Tables of Population, Deaths, and Sickness .70, 71 
Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity . . .76 

Table of Expectation . . .77 

Table of Value of Annuities in . 112 114 

„ Premiums for Assuring Sums at Death 

in . . . 115—117 

„ the Probability of living one year . 118 
„ „ dying in one year . 119 

„ Premium for Sickness . * 120 — 122 

DUNDEE— 

Table of Expectation — Males and Females 83 

Table of the Populations in 1835 to 1844, with 

sum of Deaths and Mortality per cent. . 85 
Mortality Tables calculated for . . 86 

Value of Life in, compared with Liverpool 

and Glasgow . . .86 

Table of Decrements, Mortality' per Cent., 

and Specific Intensity — Males — Trades not 

Classified . . . ^87 

Same among Females . . .88 

ERRORS— 

In mode of obtaining results in Vital Statistics 40 — 12 
EMPLOYMENT— 

Influence of, on Life . 49, 53 — 55, 60, 82, 101 

ENGLAND AND WALES— 

Duration of Life in . . . 1 — 12 

Expectation of Life in. Table of . .8 

Comparison between Table in page 8, and the 
E.xpcctation of Life among Friendly Societies 
in Rural, Town, and City Districts . 34 

Equation and Expectation of Life in, compared 89 
Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 
Tables of the Value of Annuities and Pre- 
miums for Assuring Sums at Death . 123 

EDINBURGU . . . .72 

Edinburgh Compositors' Society, its Report 100 
EXPECTATION OF LIFE— &e "Life." 
FORESTERS— 

Society of . . . .139 

FORMdL/E— 

The Correction applied to the Census of the 

Population in 1821 and 1841 . . 2, 3 

The mode of obtaining the Rate of Mortality 

per Cent, at individual ages, in the j-ears 

1838, 1839, 1840, 1841 . . 4 

The mode of obtaining the Rate of Mortality 

among the lowest classes . . 40 

The mode of obtaining tlie correct Average 

Mortality of the whole kingdom . 40, 41 

The mode of comparing any class of results 

with general results in which that class is 

included . . . .52 

The mode of obtaining the Terms in the 

Equation Table . . .90 

The mode of obtaining the Mortality per cent. 

among those actually sick . . 106 

The mode of obtaining the Sickness per annum 

among those actually sick , .107 



INDEX. 



147 



FORMULAE— (coH&werf) 

The mode of calculating the Table of Single 

Premiums for an Allowance during Sickness 128 
The mode of obtaining the Annual Premium 

to secure a Deferred Annuity . .131 

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES— 

Value of Life among the members of 33 — 39 

Table of Expectation of Life among Females 

in Rural, Town and City Districts . 36 

Same among Males in Liverpool . . 36 

Same among ISIales of Sixteen Trades in Rtiral 

Districts . . . .36 

Comparison between the Registrar General's 

Table of Expectation for Liverpool, and that 

of the Expectation of Members of Friendly 

Societies in Liverpool . .59 

Equation and Expectation of Life among 

Trades in Friendly Societies compared . 90 
Instability of Societies founded on the data 

given in Ansell . . 97—103, 126 

How to ascertain the amount of Remuneration 

due to Medical Advisers of Friendly Societies 108 
Rates and Contributions to . Ill — 139 

Tables for the guidance of . 112 — !23 

Present Condition of . . 132—134 

GOVERNMENT— 

Table of Expectation (Males) . . 37 

GLASGOW— . . . .72 

Formation of Mortality Tables for . 78 

Tables of Population, Deaths, and Mortality 

per cent, in . . .79 

Tables of Decrements, Mortality per cent., and 

Specific Intensitj- among males and females 80, 81 
Remarkable Depreciation of Life in . 82 

Comparison between the Liverpool and Glas- 
gow Expectation . . 82 — 84 
Table of Expectation — Males and Females . 83 
Fluctuation of Deaths in . .84 
Higher Value of Female than Male Life in . 85 
Value of Male Life in, compared with Liver- 
pool and Dundee . . .86 

HIGHLAND SOCIETY— 

Report of . . . 95—103 

INTENSITY, SPECIFIC— 

Nature of . . . . 7, 30 

Tables of 5, 6, 25—28, 43 — 18, 57, 58, 73—76, 80, 

81, 87, 88 
Comparisons of . . 42, 49, 52, 72 

LABOURERS— 

RuEAL Districts — Mai.es. 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per cent., 

and Specific Intensity . . 43 

Expectation of Life among . . 50 

LIVERPOOL— 

Expectation of Life among Friendly Societies 

in . . . .36 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per cent. 

among Males, Trades not Classified . 58 

Employments in . . .59 

Table of E.xpectation of Life in Liverpool 

compared . . . .59 

Excessive Mortality in, not due to Locality 

merely : . . .60 



LIFE, DURATION OF— 

In Various Classes 
Influence of Locality on 
Influence of Employment on 
In Scotland 



. 13—62 

10— la, 42 

12—62 

03-90 



LIFE, EQUATION OF— 

In Rural, Town and City Districts . 49 

Among Miners, Bakers, Plumbers Painters 
and Glaziers, and Clerks, in Rural, Town 
and City Districts . . .55 

Among Rural Districts in Scotland, and 

England . . . .63 

Comparisons between, in Glasgow, England 

and Wales, and Friendly Societies . 82 

Same between, Dundee, Glasgow, and Friendly 

Societies . . . .86 

Nature of . . . .89 

Tables of, in England and Wales, Scotland, and 

Friendly Societies . . .89, 90 

Comparisons between Equation and Expecta- 
tion of Life . . . S9, 90 

LIFE, FEMALE— 

Difference in value of, as shewn in the Regis- 
trar General's Table, the Carlisle Table, and 
Table D of this Volume . . 9 

Rate of Mortality among Females, Members 

of Friendly Societies . . .01,62 

Comparison between values of Male and Fe- 
male Life . . . .61 

Higher value of Female than Male Life in 

Glasgow . . . .85 

LIFE, MALE— 

The value of, among Members of Friendly 

Societies . . . . 33, 34 

Comparison between Male and Female Life . 61 
Value of, compared, in Dundee, Glasgow, and 

Liverpool . . . .86 

LIFE, EXPECTATION OF— 

Difference in value between that given in 
Table D, and that in Fifth Report of the 
Registrar General . . .7 

Table of, in England and Wales . . 8 

Comparison between Carlisle Table and 

Table D . . . .9 

Comparison of Diff'erences in Tables . 31 — 34 

Table of Expectation in Rural, Town and 
City Districts (Males) in Trades not Clas- 
fied . . . .32 

Table of Expectation in Rural, Town and 
City Districts among Females in Friendly 
Societies . . . .36 

Table of Expectation in Liverpool among 

Males in Friendly Societies . . 36 

Table of Expectation among Members of the 
Peerage . . . .36 

Same among Males of Sixteen Trades in 

Friendly Societies — Rural Districts . 37 

Among Members of Life Assurance Offices . 37 

And same among Government Males . 37 

Comparison of, among Labourers in Rural Dis- 
tricts and the Rural Districts generally . 49 

Table of Expectation among Labourers, Clerks, 

Plumbers Painters and Glaziers . 50 



148 



INDEX. 



LIFE, EXPECTATION OF (continued) 

Among Bakers, Miners, and Rural Districts 

after abstracting Labourers . .51 

Comparison between tlie Table of Expectation 
for Liverpool, as given in the Fifth Regis- 
trar General's Report, and that of the Mem- 
bers of Friendly Societies in Liverpool . 59 

Comparison of; among Members of Friendly 

Societies in England and Scotland . 72 

Table of. Expectation in Scotland— Rural, 

Town, and City Districts . . "7 

Comparison of, in Liverpool, Glasgow, and 

Dundee .... 82 — 86 

Table of, Dundee and Glasgow . . 83 

Comparison between Expectation and Equa- 
tion Tables . . . .89 

Comparison between Tables of Annuities and 

Tables of Expectation of Life . r2-l— 126 

Various Tables of Expectation . .140 

LIFE, VALUE OF— 

Among the Members of Friendly Societies 33-35, 38, 39 
„ Peerage . . .39 

„ Lowest Classes . , 39, 40 

„ Males and Females . . 61 

Insufficiency of Inquu-ies respecting the rela- 
tive values of Male and Female Life . 62 

LOCALITY, INFLUENCE OF— 

On the Duration of Life . 
Means of Determining 
On Health 
On Sickness 



10 

11, 12, 24, 60 

24 

91—110 



MINERS— 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per Cent., and 

Specific Intensity . . .47 

Expectation of Life among . .51 

Value of life among . . .55, 56 

MORTALITY— 

Refutation of the theory, that Sickness and 
Mortality stand in relation to each other 
of cause and effect . . .95 

Rate of, per cent, during the .years 1838, 1839, 

1840, and 1841 in England and Wales . 4 

Correct and Erroneous Modes of obtaining 
the average Mortality through the whole 
Kingdom .... 40—42 

Rate of Mortality per cent, higher in Scotch 

than in English Cities . . .72 

Tables of the rate of, 5, 6, 25—28, 43—48, 57, 58, 

73—76, 80, 81, 87, 88 
ODD-FELLOW SOCIETIES— 

Their Importance, Initiation Money, Contribu- 
tions, and Instability . 132, 139 

PAISLEY . . . . .72 

PEERAGE, MEMBERS OF— 

Table of Expectation of Life among . 36 

Habits of, and Value of Life among . 39 

PLUMBERS, PAINTERS AND GLAZIERS— 

Table of Decrements, Mortality per cent., and 

Specific Intensity . . .45 



PLUMBERS, kc— (continued.) 

Expectation of Life among . . 50 

Value of Life among . . .55 

England and Wales. 

Census of the Population, and corrected Enu- * 
meratiou and Annual Rate of Increase . 1 — 4 

Tables of . . . 16—23 

Scotland. 

Tables of the Population . 64 — 71 

Population of Glasgow for 1831 and 1841, with 
the Annual Rate of Increase during the 
intermediate period, with the sum of Deaths 
and Mortality per cent. . . 79 

Populations of Dundee for the years 1835 to 
1844, with the sum of the Deaths and Mor- 
tality per cent. . . .85 

PREMIUMS, TABLES OF— 

For assuring Sum at Death . 115 — 117 

For allowance during Sickness . 120 — 122 

RECHABITE SOCIETIES— 

Their Character, Contributions, and Insta- 
bility . . . 138, 139 

REPORTS— 

Of the Registrar General . 1,2, 7 1 1 

SICKNESS— 

Forms of Schedule for the collection of data 14, 1-5 
Tables of, in Rural Districts (England) 
„ Town „ 

City „ 16—23 

„ Rural (Scotland) 

„ Town „ 

City „ 64—71 . 

Influence of Locality on . . 91 — 110 

Average Amount of, per Annum, for each Per- 
son in England and Wales, and Scotland . 92 
Amount of, compared, in Rural, Town, and 

City Districts . . .93, 94 

Refutation of the theory that Sickness and Mor- 
tality stand in relation to each other of cause 
and effect . . . .95 

Comparison of Tables from AnscU, Highland 

Society, and Table V of this Work . 96 

Further comparison of Tables . . 98 

Tables of Experience at different ages . 105 

„ Premiums for Sickness . 120 — 122 

Remarks on the Tables . 127—131 

STATISTICS, VITAL— 

The frequent Errors in mode of inquiring as 

to . . . .42 

Cautions as to conducting inquiries . 60, 61 

SCOTLAND— 

Duration of Life in . . 63—90 

Among Friendly Societies in, compared with 

those in England . . .72 

Non-extension of Registration Act to Scot- 
land — cause of regret . . .86 

Equation and Expectation of Life in, com- 
pared . . . .89 

Average Sickness per annum to each person in 92 

WALES — See " England and Wales." 



Thomas Hatxon. Peintee, 37 King Street, Covent Garden. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 










